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Cardiac blood pool scan

A multi-gated (MUGA) cardiac blood pool scan (sometimes just called a MUGA scan) is a common study performed in patients who are receiving potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy. Indications acute myocardial infarction (AMI) coronary artery disease (CAD) evaluation after coronary artery bypas...

Capillary hemangioma of the orbit

Capillary hemangiomas of the orbit, also known as strawberry hemangiomas, on account of its coloring, or orbital infantile hemangiomas, are the most common orbital tumors of infancy, and unlike orbital cavernous hemangiomas, they are neoplasms rather than vascular malformations. Clinical presen...

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an autosomal dominant microvasculopathy characterized by recurrent lacunar and subcortical white matter ischemic strokes and vascular dementia in young and middle age patients without known va...

Budd-Chiari syndrome

Budd-Chiari syndrome, also known as hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO), refers to the clinical picture that occurs when there is partial or complete obstruction of the hepatic veins. There is no clear consensus regarding the number of occluded veins, some authors claim that there should...

Bovine arch

Bovine arch is the most common variant of the aortic arch and occurs when the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery shares a common origin with the left common carotid artery. Epidemiology A bovine arch is present in ~15% (range 8-27%) of the population and is more common in individuals of Afri...

Saccular cerebral aneurysm

Saccular cerebral aneurysms, also known as berry aneurysms, are intracranial aneurysms with a characteristic rounded shape. They account for the vast majority of intracranial aneurysms and are the most common cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Terminology Those larger than 25 mm i...

Acute basilar artery occlusion

Acute occlusion of the basilar artery may cause brainstem or thalamic ischemia or infarction. It is a true neuro-interventional emergency, and if not treated early, brainstem infarction results in rapid deterioration in the level of consciousness and ultimately death. It is one of the posterior ...

Azygos vein

The azygos vein is a unilateral vessel that ascends in the thorax to the right of the vertebral column, carrying deoxygenated blood from the posterior chest and abdominal walls. It forms part of the azygos venous system. Terminology The spelling azygous when referring to the vein is incorrect,...

Arteriovenous malformation

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are characterized by an abnormal leash of vessels allowing for arteriovenous shunting. They can occur anywhere in the body but are most common in the brain 1. There is direct arteriovenous communication with no intervening capillary bed. They can be congenital ...

Ascending aorta

The ascending aorta is the first part of the aorta and begins at the sinotubular junction (the junction of the aortic root and ascending aorta) and terminates as it exits the fibrous pericardium where it becomes the aortic arch, in the transthoracic plane (of Ludwig). It is located obliquely jus...

Arteriosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis is defined by thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls. There are three patterns of arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis: large and medium-sized arteries Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis: muscular arteries arteriolosclerosis: small arteries and arterioles At...

Aortic arch

The aortic arch represents the direct continuation of the ascending aorta and represents a key area for a review of normal variant anatomy and a wide range of pathological processes that range from congenital anomalies to traumatic injury. Summary origin: continuation of the ascending aorta at...

Variant anatomy of the aortic arch

Variant anatomy of the aortic arch occurs when there is failure of normal aortic development. It results in a number of heterogenous anomalies of the aorta and its branch vessels. Gross anatomy Normally, the aorta ascends in the superior mediastinum to the level of the sternal notch before arc...

Aortic intramural hematoma

Aortic intramural hematoma (IMH) is an atypical form of aortic dissection due to a contained hemorrhage into the aortic wall usually from the vasa vasorum without an intimal tear. It forms part of the acute aortic syndrome spectrum along with penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer and classical aorti...

Aortic dissection

Aortic dissection is the prototype and most common form of acute aortic syndromes and a type of arterial dissection. It occurs when blood enters the medial layer of the aortic wall through a tear or penetrating ulcer in the intima and tracks longitudinally along with the media, forming a second ...

Aorta

The aorta, the great artery, is the largest artery of the human body and carries oxygenated blood ejected from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation. It is divided into: thoracic aorta ascending aorta aortic arch descending aorta abdominal aorta It has branches from each section a...

String sign (artery)

The angiographic string sign, also known as the carotid string sign or slim sign, refers to the thin string of intravascular contrast material distal to a stenotic focus in the internal carotid artery (ICA). Pathology A thin stripe of flow is caused by decreased pressure and flow distal to th...

Angiosarcoma

Angiosarcomas (like hemangiopericytomas and hemangioendotheliomas) are tumors that arise from vascular structures. They are typically difficult to distinguish from one another on imaging alone. Angiosarcomas, are the most aggressive of the three, frequently having metastases at the time of diag...

Aneurysm

Aneurysms are focal abnormal dilatation of a blood vessel. They typically occur in arteries; venous aneurysms are rare. Aneurysms may also occur in the heart. Pathology Pathological types true aneurysm false aneurysm (or pseudoaneurysm) Etiology Atherosclerotic atherosclerosis Non-athero...

Acquired aortic conditions

Acquired aortic conditions include: aortic dissection aortic rupture/transection ascending aortic aneurysm aortitis thoracic aortic injury abdominal aortic aneurysm inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm

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