Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
719 results found
Article
Thorotrast
Thorotrast was the trade name of a radioactive thorium dioxide suspension radiographic contrast media widely used between the 1930s and 1940s. It was popular for its use as an intravascular contrast agent, particularly for cerebral angiography. An estimated 2-10 million people are thought to hav...
Article
Portal hypertensive gastroenterocolopathy
Portal hypertensive gastroenterocolopathy is a finding in portal hypertension, whereby chronic portal venous congestion leads to dilatation and ectasia of the submucosal vessels of the stomach (portal hypertensive gastropathy), small bowel (portal hypertensive enteropathy) and/or large bowel (po...
Article
Passive hepatic congestion
Passive hepatic congestion, also known as congested liver in cardiac disease, describes the stasis of blood in the hepatic parenchyma, due to impaired hepatic venous drainage, which leads to the dilation of central hepatic veins and hepatomegaly.
Passive hepatic congestion is a well-studied re...
Article
Liver trauma
The liver is one of the most frequently damaged organs in blunt trauma, and liver trauma is associated with a significant mortality rate.
Epidemiology
In blunt abdominal trauma, the liver is injured ~5% (range 1-10%) of the time 1,3.
Clinical presentation
Patients can present with right uppe...
Article
Living donor liver transplantation
Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is a lengthy and complex operation in which one or several hepatic lobes or segments from the potential donor are resected and transplanted into the recipient patient after excision of the diseased liver.
Other types of liver transplant are discussed he...
Article
CT liver volumetry in living donor liver transplantation (approach)
CT liver volumetry in living donor liver transplantation is essential imaging studies in preoperative assessment of potential liver transplant donors.
Liver volumetry is performed for the donor liver to calculate the graft volume and remnant liver volume. Preoperative measurement of liver volum...
Article
Imaging in liver transplantation
Imaging in liver transplantation is aimed to evaluate donor and recipient for successful transplantation and its outcome.
Types of liver transplant are discussed here.
Pre-transplant evaluation
Donor
volume of liver
parenchymal disease (diffuse or focal)
vascular anatomy
arterial variatio...
Article
Choledocholithiasis
Choledocholithiasis denotes the presence of gallstones within the bile ducts (including the common hepatic duct/common bile duct).
Epidemiology
Choledocholithiasis is relatively common, seen in up to 20% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallstone-related complaints 2.
Clinical prese...
Article
Bile duct stricture
Bile duct strictures are problematic in terms of management and distinction between benign and malignant.
Pathology
Etiology
There are numerous causes of biliary duct strictures, including 1,2:
malignant
cholangiocarcinoma
involvement by pancreatic head adenocarcinoma
involvement by ampul...
Article
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non-invasive imaging technique to visualize the intra and extrahepatic biliary tree and pancreatic ductal system.
It can provide diagnostically-equivalent images to ERCP and is a useful technique in high risk patients to avoid significant ...
Article
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is where a structural stenosis or dyskinesia of the sphincter of Oddi obstructs drainage from the common bile duct (CBD).
Terminology
This disorder is also known as post-cholecystectomy syndrome and suspected functional biliary sphincter disorder 1,4.
Epidemiolog...
Article
Acute abdominal pain
Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management.
Terminology
A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...
Article
Multiple gallbladders
Multiple gallbladders are a rare anatomic anomaly characterized by the presence of one or more accessory gallbladder.
Epidemiology
Prevalence demonstrates regional variation between 1 in 50 (India) to 1 in 3800 (USA) 4.
Clinical presentation
Multiple gallbladders are typically found incident...
Article
Gastric varix
Gastric varices are an important portosystemic collateral pathway, occurring in ~20% of patients with portal hypertension. They are considered distinct from esophageal varices in that they have a propensity to hemorrhage at comparatively lower portal pressures 1, and are also associated with hig...
Article
Amiodarone deposition in the liver
Amiodarone deposition in the liver is one of the complications that can occur with amiodarone therapy.
Terminology
Increased density in the liver in patients treated with amiodarone is often described in the literature as amiodarone hepatotoxicity. However, it is often an incidental finding w...
Article
Hepatic pseudolesion near falciform ligament
Hepatic pseudolesions near the falciform ligament show abnormal attenuation without mass effect. They may be seen on contrast-enhanced CT scans as either a region of high or low attenuation relative to the rest of the liver. They are typically located in the medial segment of the left lobe of th...
Article
Hepatic attenuation on CT
Hepatic attenuation on CT, reflected by Hounsfield values, depends on a combination of factors including the presence or absence, as well as the phase, of IV contrast administration.
Allowing for all these factors, the mean unenhanced attenuation value is around 55 HU 4.
Pathology
Several int...
Article
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMT), also known as plasma cell granulomas, are rare neoplasms that have a diverse spectrum of biological behavior.
Terminology
These tumors were previously referred to as inflammatory pseudotumors.
Epidemiology
They can occur at any age and there is c...
Article
Giant hepatic hemangioma
Giant hepatic hemangiomas, also known as giant hepatic venous malformations, are relatively uncommon non-neoplastic vascular lesions of the liver, which can be strikingly large and mimic tumors.
Terminology
It is important to note that according to newer nomenclature, these lesions are known ...
Article
Jaundice
Jaundice refers to a clinical sign of hyperbilirubinemia (serum bilirubin >2.5 mg/dL) which has many causes. It is often a clue to a diagnosis. It can be largely divided into two types:
non-obstructive, i.e. prehepatic and hepatic causes
obstructive, i.e. posthepatic causes
Imaging has a majo...
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