Articles
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700 results found
Article
Tillaux-Chaput tubercle fracture
Tillaux-Chaput tubercle fractures or distal anterior tibial tubercle fractures are avulsion injuries affecting the tibial origin of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament 1-5. As a counterpart to the Tillaux fracture in adolescents, they can occur in adults in association with other ankle f...
Article
Stress fracture
Stress fractures refer to fractures occurring in the bone due to a mismatch of bone strength and chronic mechanical stress placed upon the bone.
Terminology
A pathological fracture, although a type of insufficiency fracture, is a term in general reserved for fractures occurring at the site of ...
Article
Pathological fracture risk (Mirels classification)
Mirels classification is a system used to predict the highest risk of pathological fracture among long bones affected by metastases, and is based on site, location, matrix and/or presence of pain.
Classification
1 point
upper limb
involving <1/3 of bone diameter
blastic/sclerotic lesion
m...
Article
Starfield pattern (fat embolism)
A starfield pattern has been described as being typical of DWI of patients with cerebral fat embolism 1,2. Although the term is closely linked to the diagnosis of fat embolism, it should be noted that such an appearance is merely the result of very numerous microemboli. As such, a similar patter...
Article
Scalp hematoma
Scalp hematomas commonly occur either following a perinatal injury at delivery or as part of head trauma.
Pathology
There are three types of hematoma, which are defined by their location within the scalp, in particular, their location as related to the galea aponeurosis and skull periosteum (t...
Article
Hoffa fracture
Hoffa fracture, also known as Busch-Hoffa fracture, is a type of distal condylar femoral fracture and is characterized by an associated fracture component in the coronal plane.
Epidemiology
While they are rare in absolute numbers, they can account for approximately 40% of intercondylar fractur...
Article
Suspected physical abuse (head injury)
Suspected physical abuse, also known as non-accidental injury (NAI), can result in a range of head injuries.
Pathology
Infants have a relatively large head size as compared to their body mass, weak neck muscles, large subarachnoid space, relatively flat skull base and pliable, thin skull. The ...
Article
Liver trauma
The liver is one of the most frequently damaged organs in blunt trauma, and liver trauma is associated with a significant mortality rate.
Epidemiology
In blunt abdominal trauma, the liver is injured ~5% (range 1-10%) of the time 1,3.
Clinical presentation
Patients can present with right uppe...
Article
Jefferson classification
The Jefferson classification of atlas (C1) fractures describes the sites of fracture.
Classification
The original Jefferson classification had descriptions without numbers 1. The types were later assigned to numbers by some authors but the order has been inconsistent 2,3. Therefore, referring ...
Article
Cervical spine fracture classification systems
There are several cervical spine fracture/injury classification systems. These can be divided by site and are listed below in order of recency:
upper cervical spine (including craniocervical junction) injuries 1
AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries
occipital condyle fractures
T...
Article
Anterior superior iliac spine avulsion injury
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) avulsion injuries typically occur in athletes during forceful muscular contraction. The anterior superior iliac spine is the site of attachment for sartorius and tensor fascia latae muscles.
Pathology
Anterior superior iliac spine avulsion, like other pelv...
Article
Gehweiler classification of atlas fractures
The Gehweiler classification of atlas fractures described 5 types of fractures of the atlas. In addition, Dickman classified injuries of the transverse atlantal ligament (a.k.a. transverse band of the cruciform ligament) which has been incorporated into this classification system.
Classificatio...
Article
Inferior shoulder dislocation
An inferior shoulder dislocation is the least common form of shoulder dislocation. The condition is also called luxatio erecta because the arm appears to be permanently held upward, in fixed abduction. The patient will often present with their hand placed on the head or near it.
Pathology
It i...
Article
Triplane fracture
Triplane or triplanar fractures are of the distal tibia only occurring in adolescents. As the physiological closure of the physeal plate begins medially, the lateral (open) physis is prone to this type of fracture. Most authors regard it as a type 4 Salter-Harris fracture.
It comprises of:
a ...
Article
Temporomandibular joint trauma
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) can be affected by trauma in a number of ways:
condylar process fractures
temporomandibular joint dislocation
fracture of the mandibular fossa
Article
Acute abdominal pain
Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management.
Terminology
A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...
Article
Posterior talar process fracture
Posterior talar process fractures may involve the medial or lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus. The posterior talofibular ligament attaches to the lateral tubercle and flexor hallucis longus runs between these two tubercles. The unfused ossification center of the lateral tube...
Article
Perthes lesion
Perthes lesion of the shoulder is one of the types of anterior glenohumeral injury in which the anterior inferior labrum is torn and lifted from the edge of the glenoid 1 but still attached to the intact lifted periosteum from the anterior aspect of the glenoid. Although the labrum may be normal...
Article
Tillaux fracture
Tillaux fractures are Salter-Harris III fractures through the anterolateral aspect of the distal tibial epiphysis, with variable amounts of displacement.
Epidemiology
It occurs in older children and adolescents when the medial aspect of the distal tibial growth plate has started to fuse.
Path...
Article
Patellar fracture
Patellar fracture is one of the common knee injuries usually post direct trauma to the patella or sudden forceful contraction of the quadriceps muscles in the context of a sports injury.
Epidemiology
Fractures of the patella represent ~1% of all fractures and are most common in those aged 20-5...
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