Articles
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700 results found
Article
Chance fracture
Chance fractures also referred to as seatbelt fractures, are flexion-distraction type injuries of the spine that extend to involve all three spinal columns. These are unstable injuries and have a high association with intra-abdominal injuries.
Pathology
Mechanism
Chance fracture is also known...
Article
Chauffeur fracture
Chauffeur fractures (also known as Hutchinson fractures or backfire fractures) are intra-articular fractures of the radial styloid process. The radial styloid is within the fracture fragment, although the fragment can vary markedly in size.
Pathology
Mechanism
These injuries are sustained eit...
Article
Chopart fracture-dislocation
Chopart fracture-dislocations occur at the midtarsal (Chopart) joint in the foot, i.e. talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints which separate the hindfoot from the midfoot. The commonly fractured bones are the calcaneus, cuboid and navicular.
The foot is usually dislocated medially and superior...
Article
Classification of gamekeeper thumb
This classification of gamekeeper's thumb (also known as skier's thumb) was proposed by Hintermann et al. 1 in 1993 and is based on whether a fracture is present and whether the injury is stable:
type I
fracture present, which is non-displaced and stable in flexion
typically treated with a sp...
Article
Classification of sacral fractures
There are several classification systems for sacral fractures, but the most commonly employed are the Denis classification and subclassification systems, and the Isler classification system. These classification systems are important to understand as proper classification can impact management.
...
Article
Clavicular fracture
Clavicular fractures are common and account for ~5% (range 2.6-10%) of all fractures 2,3. They usually require minimal treatment, which relies on analgesia and a collar-and-cuff. However, in some cases, open reduction and internal fixation are required.
Epidemiology
Clavicular fractures are mo...
Article
Clay-shoveler fracture
Clay-shoveler fractures are fractures of the spinous process of a lower cervical vertebra.
Clinical presentation
Often these injuries are unrecognised at the time and only found incidentally years later when the cervical spine is imaged for other reasons.
Acutely they tend to be associated wi...
Article
Clival fracture
Clival fractures are uncommon skull base fractures resulting from high-energy cranial trauma and are usually associated with other skull vault fractures and brain injuries.
For a general discussion, please refer to the article on basilar fractures of the skull.
Epidemiology
Most fractures of ...
Article
Closed reduction
Closed reduction or manipulation is a common non-invasive method of treating mildly displaced fractures. Usually performed in an emergency department or orthopedic clinic with light sedation and analgesia, the fracture is manipulated back into anatomic alignment and immobilized with a cast, brac...
Article
Clothing artifact
Clothing artifacts, like jewelry artifacts, are a regular feature on imaging examinations, especially plain radiographs, but in general are recognized for what they are, either at the time the image is taken by the radiographer, or later by the reporting radiologist. The radiographer will often ...
Article
Coccygeal fracture
Coccygeal fractures are generally low-severity injuries, which nonetheless can be diagnostically challenging. Diagnosis may be delayed or missed due to coccygeal anatomy and patient/technical factors (e.g. obesity, overlying bowel gas/feces).
Given that management of coccygeal fractures is nea...
Article
Colles fracture
Colles fractures are very common extra-articular fractures of the distal radius that occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand. They consist of a fracture of the distal radial metaphyseal region with dorsal angulation and impaction, but without the involvement of the articular surf...
Article
Comminuted fracture
Comminuted fractures are fractures where more than 2 bone components are created.
The problem with the term is that it includes a very heterogeneous group of fractures from a 3 part humeral head fracture to a multi-part fracture of the femur following a high-energy road traffic accident.
Article
Complete fracture
Complete fractures are fractures where the parts of the bone that have been fractured are completely separated from each other. There is complete separation of the cortex circumferentially.
Complete fractures can be classified as:
transverse: straight across the bone
oblique: oblique line acr...
Article
Complex midfacial fracture
Complex midfacial fractures consist of multiple facial fractures that cannot be classified as any of the defined complex facial fractures (e.g. Le Fort fracture, zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, naso-orbital-ethmoid fracture).
Article
Complications of petrous temporal bone fracture (mnemonic)
A handy mnemonic to recall the complications of transverse and longitudinal petrous temporal bone fractures is:
Listen Carefully To Something Funny
Mnemonic
listen carefully = longitudinal / conductive hearing loss
to something funny = transverse / sensorineural hearing loss and facial nerve...
Article
Condylar process fractures
Condylar process fractures are fractures of the condylar process of the mandible. The condylar process of the mandible is involved in around 30% of all mandibular fractures.
Condylar fractures are classified according to the location of the fracture and the direction displacement of the condyle...
Article
Condyle-C1 interval (CCI)
The condyle-C1 interval (CCI) is the measurement of the interval between condyle and C1 at four equidistant points on the joint surface in sagittal and coronal reconstructions of computed tomography.
The CCI is reported to have a high lateral symmetry in children 1. Used with a cut-off of 4 mm,...
Article
Congenital insensitivity to pain
Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) refers to a group of rare hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) characterized by an inability to feel pain 1.
Terminology
Although not clearly defined in the literature, congenital insensitivity to pain is not one specific diagnosis but de...
Article
Cooke and Newman classification
The Cooke and Newman classification of periprosthetic hip fractures is a modification of the Bethea classification proposed several years earlier.
type I
explosion type fracture, comminuted around the stem of the implant
the prosthesis is always loose and the fracture is inherently unstable
...
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