Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
748 results found
Article
Paratesticular tumors
A paratesticular mass may derive from a number of structures that surround the testis within the scrotum; most commonly, they derive from the spermatic cord.
Pathology
The masses can be categorized as benign (70%) or malignant (30%).
Etiology
Benign
spermatic cord lipoma (most common parat...
Article
Causes of ascending aorta calcification
There are relatively few causes of calcification of the ascending aorta 1-3:
atherosclerosis (this usually spares the ascending aorta)
aortitis
syphilis
Takayasu arteritis
idiopathic
See also
porcelain aorta
Article
Incomplete border sign (chest)
The incomplete border sign is useful to depict an extrapulmonary mass on chest radiograph.
An extrapulmonary mass will often have an inner well-defined border and an ill-defined outer margin 1-3. This can be attributed to the inner margin being tangential to the x-ray beam and having a good inh...
Article
Suspected physical abuse
Suspected physical abuse (SPA), also known as non-accidental injury (NAI) or inflicted injury, in infants and young children represents both ethical and legal challenges to treating physicians.
Radiologists may be the first clinical staff to suspect non-accidental injuries when confronted with ...
Article
Patterns of neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury
Neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injuries can manifest in different patterns of involvement depending on the severity and timing of the insult. When considering the perinatal maturation process of the brain and the severity of an insult, it is possible to understand the various manifestations.
T...
Article
Temporomandibular joint effusion
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) effusions are unusual in asymptomatic patients, and thus should trigger a careful search for underlying pathology. It usually precedes osteoarthritis of the TMJ. Effusions are seen in:
TMJ dysfunction
septic arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Radiographic featu...
Article
Nontoxic megacolon
Nontoxic megacolon refers to colonic dilatation without mural abnormality and signs of colon toxicity. Although the definition of a megacolon has varied in the literature, most use the measurement of greater than 12 cm for the cecum, 8 cm for the ascending and transverse colon, and 6.5 cm for th...
Article
Calvarial thickening
Calvarial thickening can occur from a number of causes. These include:
idiopathic
chronic ventricular shunting 1
antiseizure medications
phenytoin 3
osteopetrosis 2
fibrous dysplasia
acromegaly
anemias (largely associated with massive hematopoiesis)
Paget disease
hyperparathyroidism
c...
Article
Pulmonary bleb
Pulmonary blebs are small subpleural air-filled circumscribed cystic spaces, usually less than 1 cm in diameter 4. There is an association with small airways disease. Rupture causes pneumothorax and is associated with tobacco smoking.
Epidemiology
Blebs are a very common finding in otherwise ...
Article
Multiple filling defects of the ureter (differential)
Multiple filling defects within a ureter, as seen on conventional IVU or CT IVU, have a relatively small differential including:
spreading or multifocal transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
vascular indentations
multiple ureteral stones (steinstrasse)
blood clots
ureteritis cystica
Stevens-Jo...
Article
Congenital calvarial defects
Congenital calvarial defects are a group of disorders characterized by congenital calvarial bone defects that vary in severity.
Radiographic features
CT with 3D shaded surface reformats is the best imaging tool as it demonstrates calvarial defects and bone margins:
parietal foramina
parietal...
Article
Narrow fetal thorax
A narrow fetal thorax on antenatal ultrasound can be present with a number of anomalies which include:
achondrogenesis
campomelic dysplasia
homozygous achondroplasia
Jarcho-Levin syndrome
Jeune syndrome - asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia
Russell-Silver dwarfism
short rib polydactyly syndro...
Article
Hyperattenuating paranasal sinus opacification
Hyperattenuating paranasal sinus opacification can arise in a number of situations:
fungal sinus disease
inspissated secretions
acute hemorrhage into sinus (hemosinus)
Differential diagnosis
In some situations can consider early calcification within the sinus - intrasinus calcification.
Article
Chronic primary adrenal insufficiency
Chronic primary adrenal insufficiency has a number of causes. Primary adrenal insufficiency is termed Addison disease.
Pathology
Causes
idiopathic atrophy: autoimmune adrenalitis 1
tuberculosis 1: 25% calcify
fungal disease 1
histioplasmosis
blastomycosis
coccidioidomycosis
AIDS 1
sarc...
Article
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (differential)
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding usually occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz, and has a wide differential diagnosis:
diverticular disease
enterocolitis
infective
Crohn’s disease
ulcerative colitis
ischemic colitis
vascular malformation
vascular ectasia
angiodysplasia
arteriovenous m...
Article
Differential diagnosis for calcified masses in the mandible
Differential diagnosis for calcified masses in the mandible includes:
calcifying odontogenic cyst (Gorlin cyst)
calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (Pindborg tumor)
fibrous dysplasia
foreign body
odontoma
cemento-ossifying fibroma
osteoma
synovial osteochondromatosis
focal sclerosi...
Article
Periarticular soft tissue calcification
Common causes of periarticular soft tissue calcification include:
myositis ossificans
post surgical dystrophic calcification or heterotopic bone formation
calcific tendinitis or bursitis
gout
CPPD
HADD
calcific periarthritis (fingers and toes)
tuberculous arthritis
scleroderma
hyperpar...
Article
Subperiosteal bone resorption
Subperiosteal bone resorption describes bone destruction below the periosteum secondary to osteoclastic activity, resulting in an irregular, lace-like cortical appearance 4,6. It is the most consistent and specific finding of hyperparathyroidism and is virtually pathognomonic of the condition 5....
Article
Orbital vascular lesions
Orbital vascular lesions may be difficult to distinguish on imaging. However, the following conditions have been described:
arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
capillary hemangioma
cavernous hemangioma
orbital lymphangioma / lymphangiovenous malformation / venolymphatic malformation
orbital ve...
Article
Fetal ascites
Fetal ascites refers to the accumulation of free fluid in the fetal abdomen. It is often considered under the same spectrum of hydrops fetalis.
Pathology
Etiology
any condition that results in hydrops fetalis
additional causes include
idiopathic
bowel perforation (e.g. meconium peritonitis...
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