Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,981 results found
Article
Left horizontal fissure
The left horizontal (or minor) fissure is an accessory fissure found in 1.6-8% of individuals 1,3,4.
Gross anatomy
The left horizontal fissure separates the lingula from the rest of the left upper lobe (anterior-apicoposterior segments). The segmental anatomy of the left lung is preserved, des...
Article
Inferior accessory fissure of the lung
The inferior accessory fissure of the lung, also known as Twining's line, divides the medial basal bronchopulmonary segment from the rest of the lower lobe 4.
Epidemiology
This accessory fissure is present in around 12% of people when examined with CT 3and is visible on 8% of PA chest x-rays 4...
Article
Superior accessory fissure
The superior accessory fissure is present in around 5% of individuals examined with CT 4 and PA chest X-rays 5.
Gross anatomy
The superior accessory fissure of the right lower lobe is located in the same plane and posterior to the right transverse (minor) fissure. It separates the right lower ...
Article
Thoracic endometriosis
Thoracic endometriosis is an uncommon location for endometriosis and the main cause of catamenial pneumothorax.
Epidemiology
Most often occurs in the third and fourth decades of life 3.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms may include:
catamenial pleuritic chest pain
catamenial hemoptysis: when...
Article
Percutaneous lung tumor ablation
Percutaneous lung tumor ablation techniques are an alternative to surgery or stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for the treatment of certain malignancies. They have specific indications and contraindications, but are mostly limited to small oligonodular and favourably located lesions.
They ...
Article
Anthrax
Anthrax is a zoonosis caused by Bacillus anthracis. There are four types of anthrax: inhalational anthrax (also known as woolsorter's disease and ragsorter's disease), cutaneous anthrax, injection anthrax and intestinal anthrax.
Epidemiology
The disease burden of anthrax decreased so dramatica...
Article
Confluent centrilobular emphysema
Confluent centrilobular emphysema is one of the proposed subtypes of classifying emphysema (primarily centrilobular emphysema). It is considered the second most severe from (although not as severe as advanced destructive emphysema) and characterized by coalescent centrilobular or lobular lucenci...
Article
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension is currently defined as a resting mean pulmonary arterial pressure of >20 mmHg at right heart catheterization, which is a hemodynamic feature that is shared by all types of pulmonary hypertension.
A resting mean pulmonary arterial pressure of ≤20 mmHg is considered normal...
Article
Split pleura sign (empyema)
The split pleura sign is seen with pleural empyemas and is considered the most reliable CT sign helping to distinguish an empyema from a peripheral pulmonary abscess (see empyema vs pulmonary abscess) 1,2.
The sign results from fibrin coating both the parietal and visceral surfaces of the pleu...
Article
Mycetoma (lung)
A pulmonary mycetoma, also known as a fungus ball, is due to colonization of a pre-existing cavity by a fungus, usually a species of Aspergillus, in which case it is termed an aspergilloma 1.
Terminology
Pulmonary mycetoma is unrelated to soft-tissue mycetoma, also known as Madura foot. The la...
Article
Pleura
The pleura (plural: pleurae) is an exceedingly delicate serous membrane which is arranged in the form of a closed invaginated sac that encloses the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity.
Gross anatomy
The pleura divides into:
visceral pleura which covers the surface of the lung and dips into th...
Article
Superior mediastinum
The superior mediastinum is an artificially divided wedge-shaped compartment of the mediastinum located between the thoracic plane inferiorly and the thoracic inlet superiorly. The inferior mediastinum, comprising of the anterior, middle, and posterior parts, lies inferiorly.
Gross anatomy
Bou...
Article
COVID-19 (summary)
This summary article is intended to be used as a quick reference guide. Please see our complete COVID-19 article for more detail.
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a viral infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is currently a World Health Organizatiοn (WHO) declared pandemic. As of 2...
Article
Bronchus intermedius
The bronchus intermedius is one of the two bronchi which the right main bronchus bifurcates into, the other being the right upper lobe bronchus.
Gross anatomy
The bronchus intermedius runs distal to the right upper lobe bifurcation and follows the trajectory of the right main bronchus 1. Its m...
Article
Right main bronchus
The trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi at the level of the carina, supplying air to the right and left lungs respectively. Each main or primary bronchus enters the hilum of its lung and gives rise to secondary lobar bronchi, which further divide into tertiary segmental bronc...
Article
Left main bronchus
The trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi at the level of the carina, supplying air to the right and left lungs respectively. Each main or primary bronchus enters the hilum of its lung and gives rise to secondary lobar bronchi, which further divide into tertiary segmental bronc...
Article
Trachea
The trachea, known colloquially as the windpipe, connects the upper respiratory tract to the lungs via the tracheobronchial tree, enabling gas exchange.
Gross anatomy
The trachea is a tube-shaped structure consisting of 15-20 D-shaped cartilage rings anterolaterally bridged by annular ligament...
Article
Bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy
Bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy describes the division of the lungs into segments based on the tertiary or segmental bronchi.
Gross anatomy
The trachea divides at the carina forming the left and right main stem bronchi which enter the lung substance to divide further. This initial division ...
Article
Pulmonary venous varix
A pulmonary vein varix (PVV) (plural: varices), also known as pulmonary venous aneurysm, refers to a localized aneurysmal dilatation of a pulmonary vein. As it involves a venous structure, varix is usually considered to be the more appropriate term. They are rare and may be congenital or acquire...
Article
CT pulmonary angiogram (protocol)
The computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA/CTPE) is a commonly performed diagnostic examination to exclude pulmonary emboli (PE). Each radiology department will have a slightly different method for achieving the same outcome, i.e. diagnostic density of the main pulmonary artery and its br...
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