Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
620 results found
Article
Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst
Hemorrhagic ovarian cysts usually result from hemorrhage into a corpus luteum or other functional cyst. Radiographic features are variable depending on the age of the hemorrhage. They typically resolve within 8 weeks.
Clinical presentation
Patients may present with sudden-onset pelvic pain, p...
Article
CA-125
CA-125 is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein found on the surface of Müllerian and celomic epithelial-derived cell types and is the best-known tumor marker for epithelial ovarian cancer 6. Importantly, it may also be elevated in several other conditions (see differential diagnosis section belo...
Article
Kissing ovaries sign
The kissing ovaries sign refers to the appearance seen when both ovaries are located in close proximity or are touching each other in the pouch of Douglas, usually due to pelvic adhesions, and may be seen on ultrasound, CT or MRI.
This sign is most frequently associated with the severe form of ...
Article
T2 dark spot sign (endometrioma)
T2 dark spot sign is an MRI appearance of endometriomas seen as a result of chronic hemorrhage. The sign is useful in differentiating a solitary endometrioma from a functional hemorrhagic ovarian cyst, as both might show high T1 signal with T2 shading.
The T2 dark spot, described in the sign, ...
Article
Ovarian hyperthecosis
Ovarian hyperthecosis is a condition where there is a presence of luteinized thecal cells within a hyperplastic ovarian stroma.
Clinical presentation
Clinical manifestations include hyperandrogenism, obesity, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance. Virilization has been reported to be mo...
Article
Nabothian cyst
Nabothian cysts, also known as retention cysts of the cervix 11, are non-neoplastic cystic lesions that occur in relation to the uterine cervix.
Terminology
Nabothian is generally written without capitalization, i.e. "nabothian", and not "Nabothian", as it is an adjectival form derived from a ...
Article
Immature ovarian teratoma
Immature ovarian teratomas are uncommon ovarian germ cell tumors. They differ from mature ovarian teratomas (dermoid cysts) both histologically by the presence of immature tissue, and clinically by their more malignant behavior.
Epidemiology
They are considerably less common than mature ovaria...
Article
Urethral agenesis
Urethral agenesis (or urethral atresia) refers to a situation where there is a congenital absence of the urethra. It can be a cause of fetal obstructive uropathy.
Pathology
Associations
prune belly syndrome 5
bladder agenesis 2
Radiographic features
Antenatal ultrasound
May show a dilate...
Article
VACTERL association
VACTERL is an acronym that describes a non-random constellation of congenital anomalies. It is not a true syndrome as such and is equivalent to the VATER anomaly.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is 1 in 10,000-40,000 births 3.
Associations
Several conditions have features in common with...
Article
Ovarian serous cystadenoma
Ovarian serous cystadenomas are a type of benign ovarian epithelial tumor at the benign end of the spectrum of ovarian serous tumors.
Terminology
Serous ovarian tumors are traditionally described with a "cyst-" prefix because of their primarily cystic composition, e.g. cystadenoma, cystadenoca...
Article
Ileal atresia
Ileal atresia is a congenital abnormality where there is significant stenosis or complete absence of a portion of the ileum. There is an increased incidence in those with chromosomal abnormalities.
This article will focus on ileal atresia alone but bear in mind that some cases correspond to jej...
Article
Rokitansky nodule
A Rokitansky nodule or dermoid plug refers to a solid protuberance projecting from an ovarian cyst in the context of mature cystic teratoma. It often contains calcific, dental, adipose, hair, and/or sebaceous components 1. This region has the highest propensity to undergo malignant transformatio...
Article
Submucosal uterine leiomyoma
Submucosal leiomyomas of the uterus refer to a subtype of uterine leiomyoma that primarily projects into the endometrial cavity; when the fibroid is predominantly within the cavity it is often called an intracavitary fibroid 7. They are the least common, albeit the most symptomatic, type of leio...
Article
Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary
Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary are a type of sex cord / stromal ovarian tumor.
It can be divided into two broad subtypes:
adult granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: much more common and accounts for ~95% of cases 5
juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary
Epidemiology
Sex cord-stromal t...
Article
Tubo-ovarian abscess
Tubo-ovarian abscesses are one of the late complications of pelvic inflammatory disease.
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Risk factors for tubo-ovarian abscesses include 15:
previous pelvic inflammatory disease 16
intrauterine device
multiple sexual partners
diabetes mellitus
imm...
Article
Embedded intrauterine contraceptive device
An embedded intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is a situation where there is an abnormally-positioned IUCD within the endometrium or myometrium, however, without an extension through the serosa. The intrauterine contraceptive device should be removed in this situation. An intrauterine cont...
Article
Uterine leiomyoma
Uterine leiomyomas, also known as uterine fibroids, are benign tumors of myometrial origin and are the most common solid benign uterine neoplasms. Commonly an incidental finding on imaging, they rarely cause a diagnostic dilemma.
Epidemiology
They are clinically apparent in ~25% of women of re...
Article
Ovarian tumors
Ovarian tumors are relatively common and account for ~6% of female malignancies. This article focuses on the general classification of ovarian tumors. For specific tumor features, please refer to the relevant subarticles.
Pathology
Subtypes
Primary ovarian tumors
Surface epithelial-stromal o...
Article
Ovarian thecoma
Ovarian thecomas are benign ovarian tumors of sex cord / stromal (mesenchymal) origin. They are thought to account for approximately 0.5-1% of all ovarian tumors. As ovarian thecomas secrete estrogen, they are described as functional ovarian tumors.
Epidemiology
They typically present in older...
Article
Ovarian fibroma
Ovarian fibromas are benign ovarian tumors of sex cord/stromal origin. Although fibromas account for ~4% of all ovarian neoplasms, they are the most common sex cord ovarian tumors.
Epidemiology
Fibromas occur at all ages but are most frequently seen in middle-aged women.
Associations
They ar...
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