Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
719 results found
Article
Caroli disease
Caroli disease and Caroli syndrome are congenital disorders comprising of multifocal cystic dilatation of segmental intrahepatic bile ducts. However, some series show that extrahepatic duct involvement may exist. They are also classified as a type V choledochal cyst, according to the Todani clas...
Article
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), also referred as post-transplant lymphoproliferation disorder, represents a variety of conditions ranging from lymphoid hyperplasia to malignancy, included in the WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors under "lymphoid proliferations and ...
Article
Hepatic adenoma
Hepatic adenomas, also referred to as hepatocellular adenomas, are benign, generally hormone-induced, liver tumors. The tumors are usually solitary, have a predilection for hemorrhage, and must be differentiated from other focal liver lesions.
Epidemiology
The incidence of hepatic adenomas is ...
Article
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the liver
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) of the liver are extremely rare and account for just 0.7% of all hepatic lesions 1.
Refer to the article on inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors for a broad discussion.
Epidemiology
IMTs of the liver are usually frequent in young adults and Asian pe...
Article
Hypervascular liver lesions
Hypervascular liver lesions are findings that enhance more or similarly to the background hepatic parenchyma in the late arterial phase, on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI.
Differential diagnosis
Non-neoplastic
focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)
bright arterial phase enhancement except central scar...
Article
Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped musculomembranous sac located along the undersurface of the liver. It functions to accumulate and concentrate bile between meals.
Gross anatomy
The normal adult gallbladder measures from 7-10 cm in length and 3-4 cm in transverse diameter 6. The gallbladder com...
Article
Cystic vein
The cystic veins (TA: venae cysticae) are one of two venous drainage pathways of the gallbladder. They subsequently drain into the portal vein.
Gross anatomy
The cystic veins begin as venules running over the surface of the fundus and body of the gallbladder merging proximate to the neck of th...
Article
Sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD) (historically also known as drepanocytosis) is a hereditary (autosomal recessive) condition resulting in the formation of abnormal hemoglobin (a hemoglobinopathy), which manifests as multisystem ischemia and infarction, as well as hemolytic anemia.
Hemoglobin SC (HbSC...
Article
Splenic infarction
Splenic infarction is a result of ischemia to the spleen, and in many cases requires no treatment. However, identification of the cause of infarction is essential.
Epidemiology
Splenic infarcts can occur due to a number of processes, involving either arterial supply, the spleen itself or the...
Article
Porcelain gallbladder
Porcelain gallbladder refers to extensive calcium encrustation of the gallbladder wall. The term has been used to emphasize the blue discolouration and brittle consistency of the gallbladder wall at surgery but is often an incidental finding on multiple different imaging modalities.
Clinical p...
Article
Septate gallbladder
Septate gallbladder is a congenital variant where there may be a single septum or multiple septa in the gallbladder splitting its lumen into several parts. There may be communication between the separated parts of gallbladder through small pores. The condition is mostly asymptomatic and incident...
Article
Hepatolithiasis
Hepatolithiasis is the presence of bile duct stones within the intrahepatic bile ducts, specifically proximal to the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts.
Epidemiology
Hepatolithiasis is common in Asia and the Pacific, with a prevalence of ~40%. It is rare in the West with a prevale...
Article
Gallstones
Gallstones, also called cholelithiasis, are concretions that may occur anywhere within the biliary system, most commonly within the gallbladder.
Terminology
Gallstones (cholelithiasis) describe stone formation at any point along the biliary tree. Specific names can be given to gallstones depe...
Article
Insulinoma
Insulinomas are the most common sporadic endocrine tumor of the pancreas.
On imaging, they usually present as small well-defined hypervascular tumors that may be found anywhere in the pancreas.
Epidemiology
Account for 40% of syndromic pancreatic endocrine tumors. The overall incidence is of...
Article
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET), also known as endocrine tumors of the pancreas, arise from pancreatic ductal stem cells and include some distinct tumors that match the cell type of origin.
Terminology
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors have commonly been referred to as "islet cell tumo...
Article
Hepatic metastases
Hepatic metastases are 18-40 times more common than primary liver tumors 6. Ultrasound, CT, and MRI are helpful in detecting hepatic metastases and evaluation across multiple post-contrast CT series, or MRI pulse sequences are necessary.
Epidemiology
The demographics of patients with liver me...
Article
Intrahepatic arterioportal shunt
Intrahepatic arterioportal shunts, also known as arterioportal fistulas, represent abnormal flow between the portal venous system and a hepatic arterial system within the liver. They can be a reversible cause of portal hypertension.
Clinical presentation
Clinical features will depend on the si...
Article
Celiacomesenteric trunk
The celiacomesenteric trunk (CMT) represents an uncommon vascular anatomical variant where both the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) have a common origin from the abdominal aorta as a single trunk. Its frequency has been reported to occur in about 1.5% of the population 1,2....
Article
Hepatic abscess
Hepatic abscesses, like abscesses elsewhere, are localized collections of necrotic inflammatory tissue caused by bacterial, parasitic, or fungal agents.
Epidemiology
The frequency of individual infective agents as causes of liver abscesses are intimately linked to the demographics of the affe...
Article
Gallstone ileus
Gallstone ileus is an uncommon cause of mechanical small bowel obstruction. It is a rare complication of chronic cholecystitis 7 and occurs when a gallstone passes through a fistula between the gallbladder and small bowel before becoming impacted at the ileocecal valve.
Epidemiology
Although ...
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