Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,108 results found
Article
Urinary bladder
The urinary bladder (more commonly just called the bladder) is a distal part of the urinary tract and is an extraperitoneal structure located in the true pelvis 6. Its primary function is as a reservoir for urine.
Gross anatomy
The bladder has a triangular shape with a posterior base (fundus)...
Article
Testicular torsion
Testicular torsion occurs when a testis torts on the spermatic cord resulting in the cutting off of blood supply. The most common symptom is acute testicular pain and the most common underlying cause, a bell-clapper deformity. The diagnosis is often made clinically but if it is in doubt, an ultr...
Article
Multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential
Multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential (MCRNLMP) are low-grade adult renal tumors composed entirely of numerous cysts. The entity was previously known as multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma, which usually had clear cell morphology, but was redefined in the 2016 WHO cl...
Article
Epididymitis
Epididymitis (plural: epididymitides) refers to inflammation of the epididymis and may be associated with inflammation extending to the testis, in which case the term epididymo-orchitis is used. This should be distinguished from isolated orchitis, which is, by comparison, much less common.
Epi...
Article
Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy
Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy requires a considered imaging approach due to the increased risks of fetal demise associated with undiagnosed diseases such as perforated acute appendicitis. Ultrasound is the first-line modality due to its wide availability and ability to diagnose...
Article
Adrenal washout
Adrenal washout can be calculated using the density value of an adrenal mass on non-enhanced, portal venous phase and 15-minute delayed CT scans (density measured in Hounsfield units (HU)). It is primarily used to diagnose adrenal adenoma.
absolute washout
[(HUportal venous phase) - (HUdelayed...
Article
Ureteral stricture
Ureteral or ureteric strictures are narrowing of the ureter that result in functional obstruction. It can occur anywhere along the ureter but is commonly seen at the ureteropelvic junction.
Epidemiology
The incidence of post-ureteroscopy strictures has increased from 0.5 to 1.4% 1,2. Studies a...
Article
Nephrostogram
Nephrostogram, also known as antegrade pyelogram, is a special x-ray procedure that fluoroscopically evaluates the upper collecting system by introducing water-soluble contrast through the nephrostomy catheter.
Indications
Nephrostogram can be useful to determine tube position, level of steno...
Article
Cowden syndrome
Cowden syndrome, also known as multiple hamartoma syndrome, is characterized by multiple hamartomas throughout the body and increased risk of several cancers.
Terminology
Type 2 segmental Cowden syndrome is the association of Cowden syndrome with a Cowden nevus when it is considered a type of ...
Article
Renal vein anomalies
There are several variations in renal venous anatomy. Some of these are specific to the left renal vein.
Left renal vein anomalies are generally classified into four types 2:
type I
the ventral preaortic limb of the left renal vein is obliterated, but the dorsal retroaortic limb persists and...
Article
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis (plural: hydronephroses) is defined as dilatation of the urinary collecting system of the kidney (the calyces, the infundibula, and the pelvis) 1.
Hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns has specific causes that are covered in a separate article.
Terminology
The term hydroureter...
Article
Renal artery aneurysm
Renal artery aneurysms (RAA) are the second most common visceral aneurysm (15-22%), the most common being splenic artery aneurysm (60%).
Epidemiology
Renal artery aneurysms occur in ~0.1% of the population 6,8. They are more common in females 6 . The median age at diagnosis is 50 years 8.
Cl...
Article
Renal osteodystrophy
Renal osteodystrophy, also known as uremic osteopathy, is a constellation of musculoskeletal abnormalities that occur in patients with chronic renal failure, due to concurrent and superimposed:
osteomalacia (adults) or rickets (children)
secondary hyperparathyroidism: abnormal calcium and phos...
Article
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer ranks as the most common primary malignant tumor in men and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is by far the most common histological type and is the primary focus of this article.
Epidemiology
It is primarily a disease of the...
Article
Horseshoe kidney
Horseshoe kidneys are the most common type of renal fusion anomaly. They render the kidneys susceptible to trauma and are an independent risk factor for the development of renal calculi and transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis.
Epidemiology
Horseshoe kidneys are found in approximate...
Article
Crossed renal ectopia
Crossed renal ectopia is said to be present when the kidney is seen in the opposite retroperitoneal space. It is more common for the left kidney to be ectopically located on the right side. More than 85% of these get fused resulting in crossed fused renal ectopia. Less than 15% cases are non-fus...
Article
Systemic lupus erythematosus (renal manifestations)
Renal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus include several conditions secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) effecting the kidneys. While lupus nephritis drives kidney damage in many patients other entities considered by some but not all separate, such as lupus podocytopathy, ...
Article
Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome
Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome (HSES) is a rare pediatric encephalopathy syndrome with a high mortality rate.
Epidemiology
Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome is considered rare, although the exact global incidence and prevalence is not known. The condition occurs in i...
Article
Ureterovaginal fistula
Ureterovaginal fistulae refer to abnormal communications between the lumina of the ureter(s) and the vagina.
Clinical presentation
Patients usually present with urinary incontinence through the vagina which may be accompanied by fever and chills 1. Symptoms usually begin within 2-4 weeks foll...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (renal pelvis)
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the renal pelvis, also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the renal pelvis, is uncommon compared to renal cell carcinoma and can be challenging to identify on routine imaging when small.
This article concerns itself with transitional cell carcinomas ...
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