1,820 results found
Case
Failed early pregnancy
Published
15 May 2021
91% complete
Ultrasound
Article
Apgar score
The Apgar score is a standardized assessment of newborn wellbeing. The score can be calculated by using the scoring's eponymous name as a mnemonic for remembering the 5 factors: each is graded as 0, 1 or 2 with a total possible score of 10. The lower the score the worse the prognosis.
Usage
Th...
Article
Gonadal dysgenesis
Gonadal dysgenesis refers to a spectrum of anomalies with abnormal development of the gonads. It falls under the even broader group of disorders of gender development.
Pathology
In many cases, the gonads are replaced by fibrous tissue, such as in streak ovaries.
Subtypes
complete gonadal dys...
Case
Chiari II malformation - fetal MRI
Published
19 May 2019
80% complete
MRI
Case
Pelvic radiograph in third trimester
Published
08 Jan 2013
60% complete
X-ray
Case
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Published
22 Jun 2011
94% complete
Ultrasound
Article
Umbilical arterial systolic / diastolic ratio
Umbilical arterial systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio is a parameter used in obstetric imaging as part of umbilical arterial (UA) Doppler assessment. It is the ratio between the systolic velocity and the diastolic velocity.
Practical points
The reference range varies through the stage of pregnancy...
Article
Vagina
The vagina is a midline fibromuscular tubular organ positioned in the female perineum extending superiorly from the vulva, to the cervix and uterus in the pelvis.
Gross anatomy
The vagina is 6-8 cm in length, extending posterosuperior from the vestibule through the urogenital diaphragm to the...
Article
Cervix
The cervix or uterine cervix is the lower constricted segment of the uterus providing the passage between the uterus proper and the vagina.
Gross anatomy
The cervix is somewhat conical in shape, with its truncated apex directed posteriorly and inferiorly. The inferior aspect of the cervix pro...
Article
Umbilical arterial pulsatility index
Umbilical arterial pulsatility index (UA-PI) is a parameter used in umbilical arterial (UA) Doppler assessment. It is calculated by subtracting the end-diastolic velocity (EDV) from the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and then dividing by the time-averaged (mean) velocity (TAV):
PI = (PSV - EDV) /...
Article
Abdominal pain in pregnancy protocol (MRI)
The abdominal pain in pregnancy MRI protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for assessment of causes of non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the abdomen in pregnancy. Protocol specifics will va...
Article
Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy
Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy requires a considered imaging approach due to the increased risks of fetal demise associated with undiagnosed diseases such as perforated acute appendicitis. Ultrasound is the first-line modality due to its wide availability and ability to diagnose...
Article
Gestational age
The gestational age (GA) of an embryo/fetus is most accurately determined by measuring the crown rump length (CRL) in the first trimester. The later the pregnancy, the larger the standard deviation of the estimated gestational age and thus estimated date of delivery (EDD) is less accurate. Mean ...
Article
Spinal dysraphism
Spinal dysraphisms refer to a broad group of malformations affecting the spine and/or surrounding structures in the dorsum of the embryo. They are a form of neural tube defect.
Pathology
The neural tube is formed by the lengthwise closure of the neural plate, in the dorsum of the embryo.
The ...
Article
Enlarged echogenic fetal kidneys
Enlarged echogenic fetal kidneys are described as kidneys where the echogenicity of the entire kidney exceeds that of the liver. They can be associated with a number of pathologies that include:
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) 1
associated with severe oligohydramnios, ver...
Article
Beta-hCG
Beta-hCG (bHCG or β-hCG) is a sex hormone found in the mother's blood serum that can be used to help interpret obstetric ultrasound findings.
Beta-hCG levels may be used in three ways in the clinical setting of pregnancy:
qualitatively, for presence/absence of fetal tissue
more often determin...
Article
Fetal middle cerebral arterial peak systolic velocity
The fetal middle cerebral arterial (MCA) peak systolic velocity (PSV) is an important parameter in fetal MCA Doppler assessment.
Measurement
The fetal MCA should be sampled ~2 mm from the origin of the fetal internal carotid artery and the angle of the ultrasound beam and the direction of bloo...
Article
Isolated cleft palate
An isolated cleft palate is a type of facial cleft. This is a much rarer occurrence than a cleft lip +/- palate and is thought to represent a different pathological entity.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at ~1 per 2000-2500 pregnancies 4-5. There may be a slight female predilection 4....
Article
Umbilical arterial Doppler assessment
Umbilical arterial (UA) Doppler assessment is used to survey fetal well-being in the third trimester of pregnancy. Abnormal umbilical artery Doppler is a marker of placental insufficiency and consequent intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or suspected pre-eclampsia.
Umbilical artery Doppler...
Article
Twin growth discordance
Twin growth discordance is a term used in obstetric imaging to describe a significant size or weight difference between the two fetuses of a twin pregnancy. To be classified as a growth discordance, some consider that the estimated fetal weight (EFW) of the smaller twin should fall under the 10t...
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