Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
620 results found
Article
Valsalva maneuver
The Valsalva maneuver is the forced expiration of air against a closed airway, resulting in increased intra-abdominal, intrathoracic, and pharyngeal pressure. It can be performed against a closed glottis or by one closing the mouth and pinching the nose while forcibly exhaling.
It is commonly u...
Article
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome is caused by a mutation to either BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. These patients have an increased risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer. However, these gene mutations are not the only cause of hereditary breast ca...
Article
IOTA ultrasound rules for ovarian masses
The International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) group ultrasound rules for ovarian masses are a simple set of ultrasound findings that classify ovarian masses into benign, malignant or inconclusive masses. These rules apply to masses that are not a classical ovarian mass (e.g. corpus luteum, end...
Article
Missing IUCD
A missing IUCD is considered when the retrieval strings of certain types of intrauterine contraception devices (IUCD) cannot be seen on physical examination. The possibilities are
expulsion of IUCD
migration of IUCD
detachment of IUCD thread
uterine perforation in IUCD
embedded IUCD
Radiog...
Article
Endometriosis of canal of Nuck
Endometriosis affecting the canal of Nuck is an extremely rare site for endometriosis. It is proposed that retrograde implantation of endometrial tissue into a patent canal of Nuck could give rise to the condition.
Clinical presentation
The condition is presented as a painful inguinal swelling...
Article
T2 dark spot sign (endometrioma)
T2 dark spot sign is an MRI appearance of endometriomas seen as a result of chronic hemorrhage. The sign is useful in differentiating a solitary endometrioma from a functional hemorrhagic ovarian cyst, as both might show high T1 signal with T2 shading.
The T2 dark spot, described in the sign, ...
Article
Malignant ovarian lesions (sonographic features)
Malignant ovarian lesions can have typical sonographic features, and thus ultrasound is the imaging of choice for initial evaluation of suspected ovarian neoplasm.
Radiographic features
The features of malignant ovarian neoplasm on ultrasonography include:
solid tumor
mass >10 cm with locula...
Article
Differential diagnosis of free fluid in cul de sac (pouch of Douglas)
The cul-de-sac, also known as the pouch of Douglas or rectouterine pouch, is an extension of the postero-inferior reflection of the peritoneal fold between the uterus (anteriorly) and rectum (posteriorly). It is the most inferior aspect of the peritoneal cavity and therefore the first location w...
Article
Vulval neoplasms
Vulval neoplasms are rare and mostly seen in elderly female patients. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignancy of the vulva and only 30% of them are associated with oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs).
Pathology
Squamous neoplastic lesions
Premalignant
classic vulvar...
Article
Uterine artery pseudoaneurysm
Uterine artery pseudoaneurysm (UAP) is a rare cause of secondary postpartum hemorrhage.
Clinical presentation
UAP usually presents as delayed (secondary) postpartum hemorrhage, that is per vaginal bleeding which occurs more than 24 hours and up to 6 weeks postpartum. However, some reported ca...
Article
Christmas inspired signs
There are many signs in radiology that are related to Christmas:
snowcap sign in avascular necrosis
snowman sign
in total anomalous pulmonary venous return
in pituitary macroadenomas
snowstorm appearance in complete hydatidiform and testicular microlithiasis
holly leaf sign in calcified pl...
Article
Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix
Papillary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) of the cervix is a distinct subtype of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.
Pathology
These tumors are characterized by a papillary architecture containing fibrovascular cores and moderate to severe dysplasia without any frank keratinization and koilo...
Article
Cesarean section scar diverticulum
Cesarean section scar diverticulum is a form of outpouching located in the anterior lower uterine cavity at the site of a cesarean section scar.
There is some similarity with the term cesarean scar niche.
Clinical presentation
mostly asymptomatic
postmenstrual spotting
Radiographic feature...
Article
Uterine biophysical profile
Uterine biophysical profile is a sonographic examination of the uterus that assess seven sonographic characteristics used to predict successful conception.
Uterine scoring system for reproduction (USS)
The uterine scoring system for reproduction comprises the following parameters, taken in mi...
Article
Cervical plicae palmatae
Cervical plicae palmatae are normal folds seen on the anterior and posterior walls of the cervical canal. They are often described as longitudinal ridges or oblique elevation.
Sometimes they are identified on MRI, and one must make sure not to misinterpret this finding as abnormal. Studies repo...
Article
Corpus albicans
The corpus albicans is a fibrous scar that results from the involution of the corpus luteum if fertilisation does not occur. When seen on ultrasound, it is a small, lobulated echogenic intra-ovarian lesion.
History and etymology
It is Latin for "whitening body", after the white appearance of ...
Article
Ovarian hyperthecosis
Ovarian hyperthecosis is a condition where there is a presence of luteinized thecal cells within a hyperplastic ovarian stroma.
Clinical presentation
Clinical manifestations include hyperandrogenism, obesity, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance. Virilization has been reported to be mo...
Article
Corpus luteal cyst rupture
Ruptured corpus luteal cysts are one of the commonest causes of spontaneous hemoperitoneum in a woman of reproductive age.
Clinical presentation
Presentation is variable, ranging from completely asymptomatic to severe abdominal pain due to peritoneal irritation.
Pathology
The corpus luteum i...
Article
Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium
Endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium is the most common histological subtype of endometrial carcinoma accounts for 85-90% of cases. It is considered a type I carcinoma of the uterus with slow progression and a relatively good prognosis. Patients are usually 55 to 65 years old.
Pathology
...
Article
Sonohysterography
Sonohysterography, also referred as saline-induced sonohysterography (SIS), is an ultrasound technique that better characterizes the uterine cavity and endometrium. It is particularly useful for evaluation of endometrial polyps.
Indications
fertility evaluation / recurrent pregnancy loss
intr...
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