Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,463 results found
Article
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction squamous cell carcinoma (staging)
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction squamous cell carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of squamous cell carcinoma originating in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction (including tumors whose center is within the proximal 2 cm of the gastric cardia).
Related histologies included in th...
Article
Pancreatic ducts
The exocrine pancreas drains into the gastrointestinal tract via the main and accessory pancreatic ducts. Several anatomical variations of the typical ductal drainage pattern exist, reflecting variations in the embryological development and fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds 13,14....
Article
Common bile duct
The common bile duct (CBD), which is sometimes simply known as the bile duct, is formed by the union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct (CHD).
Terminology
On ultrasound, it is not always possible to confidently see where the cystic duct enters the common hepatic duct to form the common...
Article
Extramural vascular invasion (EMVI)
Extramural vascular invasion (EMVI) is the direct invasion of a blood vessel (usually a vein) by a tumor. In colorectal cancer, this can occur on a macroscopic level and be detected on staging MRI (mrEMVI) and/or CT 1-6. It is a significant prognostic factor, being a predictor of hematogenous sp...
Article
Tumor deposits
Tumor deposits in the context of colon and rectal cancer are discrete nodules of tumor tissue within the mesocolon or mesorectum respectively, found along the path of draining veins, and are distinct from lymph node metastases 1-3. They are found in >50% of MRI studies of patients with rectal c...
Article
Diaphragm
The diaphragm is the dome-shaped skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, enclosing the inferior thoracic aperture.
Terminology
On chest imaging, in particular chest radiography, an imaginary anteroposterior midline divides the diaphragm into two halves, fo...
Article
V sign (disambiguation)
Signs inspired by the letter V have been described in several different pathologies:
inverted V sign (pneumoperitoneum)
inverted V sign (spinal cord)
Naclerio V sign (pneumomediastinum)
V sign (interphalangeal joint subluxation)
V sign (midbrain)
Article
Annular pancreas
Annular pancreas is a morphological anomaly that results in pancreatic tissue completely or incompletely encircling the duodenum. This condition can cause duodenal obstruction and is therefore important to recognize, as radiologists are frequently the first to make the diagnosis.
Epidemiology
...
Article
RASopathy
RASopathies are a class of developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in genes that encode for components or regulators of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
Epidemiology
As a group, RASopathies represent one of the most common malformation syndromes, with an in...
Article
Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia
Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia is the second most common cause of acute mesenteric ischemia, with a higher incidence in hospitalized and critical care patients.
Epidemiology
Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia accounts for ~25% (range 20-30%) of acute mesenteric ischemia. It most commonly af...
Article
Apple core sign (colon)
The apple core sign, also known as the napkin ring sign (bowel), is most frequently associated with constriction of the lumen of the colon by a stenosing annular colorectal carcinoma.
It is not to be confused with the napkin ring sign of vulnerable coronary artery plaque or the apple core sign ...
Article
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
The pharyngeal constrictor muscles are a group of involuntary muscles attached to the pharyngobasilar fascia that sequentially constrict the pharynx to propel food into the esophagus during swallowing.
Gross anatomy
The group comprises three circular muscles:
superior pharyngeal constrictor
...
Article
Amsterdam criteria for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
The Amsterdam criteria, also known as the ICG–HNPCC criteria, were established for the selection of families with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) for research but are not exclusionary for the diagnosis of HNPCC 5.
Usage
Amsterdam criteria were first established in 1990 and r...
Article
Splenic siderotic nodules
Splenic siderotic nodules, also known as Gamna-Gandy bodies, are most commonly encountered in portal hypertension. The pathophysiological process is the result of microhemorrhage resulting in hemosiderin and calcium deposition followed by fibroblastic reaction.
Epidemiology
Associations
Recog...
Article
Anal sphincter injury
Anal sphincter injury is a form of perineal trauma that can involve internal or external anal sphincters and may extend to the anorectal mucosa in severe cases.
This article is focusing on the most common type of anal sphincter injury that is associated with vaginal delivery, and represents thi...
Article
Chylous ascites
Chylous ascites (also known as chyloperitoneum) is defined as the abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of milky lymphatic fluid with a triglyceride level >110 mg/dL 1. Etiologically it is due to a disruption of the lymphatic system, most commonly obstructive due to a mass or traumatic (which ma...
Article
Abdominal adhesions
Abdominal adhesions are bands of scar tissue (fibrous or fibrofatty), most often occurring as a complication of previous abdominal surgery.
Pathology
Adhesions often occur with
multiple abdominal operations or previous postoperative intra-abdominal complications
history of intra-abdominal infla...
Article
Aspirin
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a generic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and antiplatelet agent. It is one of the most-widely if not the most commonly used drug in the world and is listed on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines 1-4. It is used as an over-the-coun...
Article
Sacral nerve stimulator
Sacral nerve stimulators (SNS) are a form of neuromodulation therapy. They are used for urogenital disorders such as urge urinary incontinence and detrusor hyperactivity, and colorectal disorders such as chronic constipation refractory to conventional medical therapy, and fecal incontinence. The...
Article
Gallbladder agenesis
Agenesis of the gallbladder describes the rare congenital absence of the gallbladder.
Epidemiology
overall incidence is estimated at <0.1% (range 0.04-0.1%)
gender:
reported 3:1 female predominance of symptomatic cases
equivalent gender distribution in autopsy cases
Associations
Gallblad...
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