Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
620 results found
Article
Ovarian fibrothecoma
Ovarian fibrothecomas comprise tumors in the spectrum of ovarian sex cord / stromal tumors where there are components of both an ovarian fibroma and an ovarian thecoma.
Epidemiology
Most occur in adult women, with ~66% in postmenopausal women. Although they account for ~1% of all ovarian tumo...
Article
Ovarian dysgerminoma
Ovarian dysgerminomas are a type of germ cell tumor of the ovary. They are the most common malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary and are thought to account for ~1% of all ovarian neoplasms 5.
Epidemiology
They are rare ovarian tumors that occur predominantly in young women (majority occurrin...
Article
Missing IUCD
A missing IUCD is considered when the retrieval strings of certain types of intrauterine contraception devices (IUCD) cannot be seen on physical examination. The possibilities are
expulsion of IUCD
migration of IUCD
detachment of IUCD thread
uterine perforation in IUCD
embedd...
Article
Retained products of conception
Retained products of conception (RPOC) refer to the persistence of placental and/or fetal tissue in the uterus following delivery, termination of pregnancy or a miscarriage.
Epidemiology
RPOC complicates ~2.5% (range 1-5%) of all routine vaginal deliveries 12.
According to one prospective st...
Article
Follicular ring sign
The follicular ring sign is considered as a characteristic sonographic sign for early diagnosis of ovarian torsion 1. It is defined as a prominent (1-2 mm thick) hyperechoic margin seen concentrically around the antral follicles of the torsed ovary, which are usually small (3‐7 mm in diameter) a...
Article
Endometrial thickness
Endometrial thickness is a commonly measured parameter on routine gynecological ultrasound and MRI. The appearance, as well as the thickness of the endometrium, will depend on whether the patient is of reproductive age or postmenopausal and, if of reproductive age, at what point in the menstrual...
Article
Ovarian cyst
Ovarian cysts are commonly encountered in gynecological imaging and vary widely in etiology from physiological to complex benign to neoplastic.
Pathology
Small cystic ovarian structures should be considered normal ovarian follicles unless the patient is pre-pubertal, post-menopausal, pregnant,...
Article
Nuchal cord
Nuchal cord is a term given to the situation where there are one or more loops of umbilical cord wrapped around the fetal neck for ≥360°.
Epidemiology
The prevalence is dependent on the extent of coiling and ranges from ~25% for a single loop, to 2.5% for a double loop, to ~0.5% for more than ...
Article
Myxoid degeneration of a leiomyoma
Myxoid degeneration of leiomyoma is one of the rarer types of degeneration that can occur in a uterine leiomyoma. This term is related but not identical to the term myxoid uterine leiomyoma.
Epidemiology
While this type of degeneration is generally considered rare, the highest prevalence for t...
Article
Synechiae
Synechiae (singular: synechia, alternative plural: synechias) are another term for adhesions, which in radiological contexts usually relates to bands of scar tissue between structures, e.g. within the abdominal cavity or pleural cavity or within the uterus.
Pathology
Synechia can be found thro...
Article
Focal adenomyosis
Focal adenomyosis is a morphological subtype of adenomyosis.
Terminology
Some authors regard this term synonymous with an adenomyoma.
Epidemiology
It is considered less common than diffuse uterine adenomyosis 4.
Pathology
Focal adenomyosis most commonly occurs at the fundal endometrial-myo...
Article
Frontal bossing
Frontal bossing is a calvarial radiographic feature where the front of the skull appears protruding anteriorly. It is best appreciated on a sagittal or lateral image.
Pathology
This feature can be seen in many conditions (in alphabetical order):
18q syndrome
acromegaly
achondroplasia
ß-tha...
Article
Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome
Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome, is a rare anomaly characterized by Müllerian duct anomalies (MDA) associated with mesonephric duct anomalies 3. This entity is also known as obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA). It is not to be confused with the Wunderlich syndrom...
Article
Accessory and cavitated uterine mass
Accessory and cavitated uterine mass (ACUM), also known as non-communicating accessory uterine cavity or cystic adenomyoma, is a rare uterine anomaly comprised of an accessory uterus-like mass in the uterus along the wall but with no communication to the main uterus.
Clinical presentation
This...
Article
Turner syndrome
Turner syndrome, also known as 45XO or 45X, is the most common of the sex chromosome abnormalities in females.
Epidemiology
The incidence is estimated at 1:2000-5000 of live births, although the in utero rate is much higher (1-2% of conceptions) due to a significant proportion of fetuses with...
Article
Pelvic lipomatosis
Pelvic lipomatosis or pelvic fibrolipomatosis represents excessive deposition of fat in the pelvis due to overgrowth of adipose cells leading to compression of pelvic organs.
Epidemiology
The condition usually presents in patients 20-50 years of age. The condition is predominantly (~66% of cas...
Article
Adenocarcinoma (endometrium)
Endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC) is the commonest histological subtype of endometrial cancer and accounts for up to 90% of such cases 1.
Pathology
Histological subtypes
endometrioid carcinoma
serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium
clear cell adenocarcinoma of the endometrium
mixed adeno...
Article
Vaginal leiomyoma
Vaginal leiomyomas are an extremely rare entity and fall under extra-uterine pelvic leiomyomas.
Epidemiology
They are extremely rare with only ~ 300 cases reported in literature 3.
Pathology
It may occur anywhere along the vaginal canal and is usually localized, mobile, non-tender, and circ...
Article
Fallopian tube torsion
A fallopian tube torsion is a type of adnexal torsion and usually occurs in association with an ovarian torsion (when it is then termed a tubo-ovarian torsion). An isolated fallopian tube torsion is rare but can occur.
Pathology
An isolated tubal torsion can occur as a late complication of tu...
Article
Mushroom cap sign (endometriosis)
The mushroom cap sign is one of the important signs of deep rectosigmoid endometriosis seen on T2 weighted MRI sequence. It indicates the submucosal involvement in the rectosigmoid colon. The hypertrophic muscularis propria appears as heterogeneous low signal intensity surrounded by the high sig...
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