Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,108 results found
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (urinary tract)
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC), is the most common primary malignancy of the urinary tract and may be found along its entire length, from the renal pelvis to the bladder.
As imaging findings and treatment vary according to where along the urinary...
Article
Urachal cyst
Urachal cysts are one of the manifestations of the spectrum of congenital urachal remnant abnormalities.
Epidemiology
An infected urachal cyst can occur at any age.
Clinical presentation
Urachal cysts usually remain asymptomatic until complicated by infection or bleeding.
Pathology
Uracha...
Article
Vesicourachal diverticulum
Vesicourachal diverticulum, or just urachal diverticulum, is one of the congenital urachal remnant abnormalities.
Gross anatomy
It is the proximal equivalent of a urachal umbilical sinus, representing a result of the failure of the urachus to close at the urinary bladder, forming an out-pouchi...
Article
Adenocarcinoma (urinary bladder)
Adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder is rare and accounts for only ~1% of all bladder cancers (90% are transitional cell carcinomas).
Pathology
Metaplasia of urinary bladder induced by chronic irritation or infection can lead to adenocarcinoma. Pathological types of adenocarcinoma of the urin...
Article
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), formerly termed contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) 12, describes an association between intravenous or intra-arterial contrast administration and renal impairment, but increasingly the evidence shows that contrast is not the cause of the renal impai...
Article
Intramural fat of the urinary bladder
Intramural fat of the urinary bladder is an occasional benign finding on CT/MRI.
Epidemiology
The incidence of this finding in histopathological studies is up to 4%. There is a male predominance 4.
Clinical presentation
It is typically an incidental, asymptomatic finding.
Pathology
Adipoc...
Article
Hand-foot-genital syndrome
Hand-foot-genital syndrome (previously known as hand-foot-uterus syndrome) refers to a rare hereditary disorder with abnormalities involving the hands, feet and uterus.
Hand-foot-genital syndrome should not be confused with:
hand-foot syndrome (sickle cell disease)
hand-foot-and-mouth disease...
Article
Testicular embryonal cell carcinoma
Testicular embryonal cell carcinoma is a type of non-seminomatous germ cell tumor and is the second most common histological type of testicular tumor after seminoma 3.
Epidemiology
Incidence peaks at around 25-30 years.
Pathology
It may occur as part of a mixed germ cell tumor (more common a...
Article
Urine
Urine represents the biofluid end-product of the renal filtration process. Normally it is a transparent, sterile, pale-yellow liquid (although clearly color varies with the person's hydration status).
Urine is one of the most easily accessible biofluids in the human body and has been intensive...
Article
Fraley syndrome
Fraley syndrome is the eponymous term for a dilated calyx (hydrocalyx) due to compression of a calyceal infundibulum from an adjacent artery or vein.
Epidemiology
It is a rare cause of obstruction of the collecting system. Involvement of an upper pole calyx is more common with the right side k...
Article
Perineal nerve
The perineal nerve, also known as the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve, is the largest terminal branch of the pudendal nerve which is derived from S2, S3 and S4 nerve roots of the sacral plexus. The perineal nerve gives muscular branches to the superficial and deep perineal muscles as well ...
Article
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome is caused by a mutation to either BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. These patients have an increased risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer. However, these gene mutations are not the only cause of hereditary breast ca...
Article
Striated nephrogram
Striated nephrogram is a descriptive term indicating the appearance of alternating linear bands of high and low attenuation in a radial pattern extending through the corticomedullary layers of the kidney on iodine-based intravenous contrast-enhanced imaging.
It is important to know that a simil...
Article
Adrenal gland tumors
Despite its small size, the adrenal gland is affected by a relatively large number of neoplastic entities:
adrenal adenoma
adrenal myelolipoma
adrenal cortical carcinoma
adrenal pheochromocytoma
adrenal neuroblastoma
adrenal sarcoma
adrenal metastases
See also
adrenal lesions: for a mor...
Article
Testicular yolk sac tumor
Testicular yolk sac tumor, also known as endodermal sinus tumor of the testis, is the most common childhood testicular tumor (80%), with most cases occurring before the age of two years 1. In adults, pure yolk sac tumor is extremely rare, however mixed germ cell tumor is commonly seen.
Patholog...
Article
Testicular microlithiasis
Testicular microlithiasis is a relatively uncommon condition that represents the deposition of multiple tiny calcifications throughout both testes.
Diagnosis
The most common criterion for diagnosis on ultrasound is that of at least five microcalcifications in one testis although the European ...
Article
Systemic lupus erythematosus (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus is:
MD SOAP BRAIN
Mnemonic
M: malar "butterfly" rash
D: discoid rash
S: serositis
O: oral ulcers
A: ANA positive
P: photosensitivity, pleuritis/pericarditis
B: blood (hematologic) abnormality
R: renal disease ...
Article
Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck
Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck is a rare condition in female children caused by a failure of complete obliteration of the canal of Nuck 1. The canal of Nuck is an abnormal patent pouch of peritoneum extending anterior to the round ligament of the uterus into the labia majora 2. Incomplete oblite...
Article
Iron deficiency anemia
Iron deficiency anemia is a common cause of anemia and a common precipitant to radiological investigation.
Epidemiology
Amongst men and postmenopausal women, the incidence in the developed world is around 2%. Among premenopausal women, the incidence is greater and in most cases, investigation ...
Article
Intravenous urography
Intravenous urography (IVU) is a radiographic study of the renal parenchyma, pelvicalyceal system, ureters and urinary bladder using intravenous contrast medium. This exam has been largely replaced by CT urography.
Terminology
The term "urography" refers to evaluation of the entire urinary tr...
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