Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,985 results found
Article
Cardiophrenic angle lesions
The cardiophrenic space is usually filled with fat. However, lesions originating above or lower to the diaphragm can present as cardiophrenic angle lesions.
The more common lesions encountered include:
pericardial fat pad
pericardial cyst
pericardial fat necrosis
Morgagni's hernia
lymphade...
Article
Chest x-ray: ET tube position (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray ET (endotracheal) tube position should be assessed following initial placement and on subsequent radiographs.
Reference article
This is a summary article; we have a more in-depth reference article, see ETT.
S...
Article
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
The most common cause of pulmonary hypertension in newborns is persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). It occurs in term or late preterms infants, where the fetal shunts persist after birth and fail to close. It falls under group 1.5 of the Dana Point classification system of pu...
Article
Circumflex aorta
Circumflex aorta is a rare aortic arch anomaly caused by retroesophageal crossing of the aorta to the contralateral side. A vascular ring is formed when a ductus or ligamentum arteriosum contralateral to the aortic arch connects the descending aorta to the pulmonary artery.
Clinical presentatio...
Article
Type IV endoleak
Type IV endoleaks are a type of endoleak which usually occurs secondary to graft porosity and are typically seen in the immediate post operative angiogram following an endovascular aneurysm repair.
Epidemiology
Type IV endoleaks are extremely rare and studies report a prevalence of 0.3%. This ...
Article
Multilobar pneumonia
Multilobar pneumonia, as the name suggests, is a lobar pneumonia affecting multiple lobes. Patients with community-acquired multilobar pneumonia have a worse prognosis with longer admissions, more need for ventilatory support and more frequent treatment failure 1.
Article
Small pulmonary nodules (HRCT chest approach)
Small pulmonary lung nodules refer to an HRCT chest imaging descriptor for 5-10 mm lung nodules and are divided into three main categories based on their distribution pattern:
centrilobular
perilymphatic
random
Terminology
Radiologists often informally refer to indeterminate small pulmonary...
Article
Left lower lobe lateral segment
The left lower lobe lateral or lateral basal segment is one of the four bronchopulmonary segments of the left lower lobe. It is the most inferolateral of the segments in the left lower lobe, below the superior segment.
Article
USB flash drive
The ubiquitous USB flash drive (or USB stick) may be an odd article on a radiology website, but those who report a lot of chest radiographs will be aware that it can be often be confused for an implantable loop recorder device or leadless pacemaker.
Radiographic features
Whilst USB drives com...
Article
Esophageal duplication
Duplication of the esophagus has a range of macroscopic appearances from complete (very rare) to partial cystic duplication (esophageal duplication cyst). It is the second most common gastrointestinal tract duplication after that of the ileum.
Epidemiology
A complete duplication is a rare malf...
Article
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (thoracic manifestations)
Thoracic manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), or von Recklinghausen disease, are related to pulmonary and mediastinal features of this multisystem neurocutaneous disorder, which is the most common phakomatosis.
For thoracic manifestations involving the skeleton, such as focal thora...
Article
Pulmonary capillaritis
Pulmonary capillaritis is a general term given to inflammation of the pulmonary capillaries. It is essentially a histopathological diagnosis 3.
Pathology
The underlying inflammation leads to the disruption alveolar-capillary basement membrane integrity with resultant flooding of the alveoli wi...
Article
Right lower lobe bronchus
The right lower lobe bronchus is a lobar (secondary) bronchus that is the continuation of the bronchus intermedius distally to the origin of the right middle lobe bronchus.
Gross anatomy
The segmental bronchi divisions and bronchopulmonary segments supplied of the right lower lobe bronchus are...
Article
Post-lung transplant bronchiolitis obliterans
Post-lung transplant bronchiolitis obliterans is a type of obliterative bronchiolitis that can occur as chronic post-lung transplantation complication. Clinically, it can present as part of the post-transplant bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome under the umbrella of chronic lung allograft dysfunc...
Article
Metastases to the thymus
Metastases to the thymus are rare, although they are probably under reported due to lack of symptoms.
Pathology
Varied primary tumors have been reported to metastasize to the thymus 1,2:
breast cancer
lung cancer
ovarian cancer
colorectal carcinoma
gastric cancer
prostate cancer
testic...
Article
Respiratory bronchiole
Respiratory bronchioles are the final division of the bronchioles within the lung. They are a continuation of the terminal bronchioles and are approximately 0.5mm in size 1. They are comprised of simple cuboidal epithelium and contain a thin layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers 2. Importan...
Article
Air bubble sign (pulmonary hydatid)
The air bubble sign is seen in CT of complicated (ruptured or infected) pulmonary hydatid cyst and refers to small bubbles of gas within the periphery of pulmonary mass and is helpful, particularly in endemic areas, in suggesting the diagnosis over other masses (e.g. metastases or primary lung t...
Article
Anatomy curriculum
The anatomy curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core anatomy knowledge for radiologists and imaging specialists.
General anatomy
Neuroanatomy
Head and neck anatomy
Thoracic anatomy
Abdominal and pelvic anatomy
Spinal anat...
Article
Foramen of Morgagni
The foramina of Morgagni, also known as the sternocostal triangles, are small defects in the posterior aspect of the anterior thoracic wall between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm. The internal thoracic vessels descend through these foramina to become the superior epigastric ...
Article
Chest x-ray lines and stripes
Chest x-ray lines and stripes are important to recognize on chest radiographs.
Lines are usually less than 1 mm in width and are comprised of tissue outlined on either side by air and typically represent pleural-covered structures within the middle and superior mediastinum 1,2:
anterior junct...
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