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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Melting ice cube sign (lungs)

The melting ice cube sign describes the resolution of pulmonary hemorrhage following pulmonary embolism (PE). When there is pulmonary hemorrhage without infarction following PE, the typical wedge-shaped, pleural-based opacification (Hampton's hump) resolves within a week while preserving its t...

Increased cardiothoracic ratio (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Increased cardiothoracic ratio describes widening of the cardiac silhouette on a chest radiograph. This is only of use when making an assessment of a PA chest x-ray since the AP chest x-ray causes the artefactual magnificat...

Pneumomediastinum (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Pneumomediastinum describes air/gas within the mediastinum and is readily demonstrated on CT and may be seen on a chest radiograph. Reference article This is a summary article; read more in our article on pneumomediastinu...

Mesothelioma (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists. Pleural mesotheliomas are malignant tumors of the lining of the lungs. There is a strong association with asbestos exposure. Reference article This is a summary article; read more in our article on mesothelioma. Summary...

Surgical emphysema (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Surgical emphysema (or subcutaneous emphysema) occurs when air/gas is located in the subcutaneous tissues (the layer under the skin). This usually occurs in the chest, face or neck. Reference article This is a summary art...

Investigation of hemoptysis (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists. Hemoptysis is the coughing up of frank blood or blood-stained mucus/pus from the lungs and it is an important indicator of pathology. Careful assessment of history, clinical examination and investigations will help elicit ...

Symptomatic pneumothorax (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Pneumothoraces (singular: pneumothorax) are collections of gas within the pleural space. If the pneumothorax is under pressure, it is called a tension pneumothorax. Reference article This is a summary article; read more i...

Bronchiectasis (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Bronchiectasis refers to permanent dilatation of the airways secondary to chronic inflammation or infection. It is the common pathological response of bronchi to a variety of congenital and acquired conditions. Reference a...

Acute lung transplant rejection

Acute lung transplant rejection is one of the early post lung transplant complications. Epidemiology It can occur as several episodes and the first episode may occur early as 5 days after transplantation. The incidence is thought to peak at approximately 2 months post-transplantation (with sev...

Cavitary pulmonary infarction

Cavitation associated with pulmonary infarction is a rare event. According to autopsy series, the reported cavitation rates are around 4-5% pulmonary infarcts 2-3. They can represent either aseptic pulmonary cavitation or superimposed infection following cavitation. There may be an upper lobe pr...

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the tracheobronchial tree

Adenoid cystic carcinomas of the tracheobronchial tree are a type of low-grade tracheal tumor. They are considered to be the second most common primary tumor of the trachea. Epidemiology They are usually first recognized in patients in their 4th and 5th decades. There is no recognized gender p...

Left lower lobe anteromedial segment

The left lower lobe anteromedial segment (or cardiac segment) is one of the bronchopulmonary segments of the left lower lobe. It is the most anteromedial of the segments within the base of the left upper lobe. It is the equivalent segment merger of the anterior and medial segments of the right ...

Left upper lobe inferior lingular segment

The left upper lobe inferior lingular segment is one of the four bronchopulmonary segments of the left upper lobe. It lies below the superior lingular segment of the left upper lobe.

Left upper lobe superior lingular segment

The left upper lobe superior lingular segment is one of the four bronchopulmonary segments of the left upper lobe. It lies below the apicoposterior and anterior segments of the left upper lobe.

Left upper lobe bronchus

The left main bronchus divides into the left upper lobe bronchus and the left lower lobe bronchus. It is one of the secondary lobar bronchi. Gross Anatomy The left upper lobe bronchus is very short and divides immediately into the segmental bronchi. There are usually 10 individual segmental b...

Left lower lobe bronchus

The left main bronchus divides into the left lower lobe bronchus and the left upper lobe bronchus. It is one of the secondary lobar bronchi. Gross anatomy The left lower lobe bronchus is very short and divides immediately into the segmental bronchi. There are usually 10 individual segmental b...

Secondary lobar bronchi

The secondary lobar bronchi or just lobar bronchi are the first subdivision of the main (or primary) bronchi. Like the primary and tertiary bronchi, they are conducting airways that are lined by cartilage rings. The left main bronchus gives rise to 2 secondary bronchi: left upper lobe bronchus...

Left lower lobe superior segment

The left lower lobe superior or apical segment is one of the four bronchopulmonary segments of the left lower lobe. It is the most apical of the segments in the left lower lobe, posterior to the upper aspect of the oblique fissure and apicoposterior segment of the left upper lobe. Related patho...

Chronic suppurative lung disease

Chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) refers to a group of conditions which includes: cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis primary ciliary dyskinesia This term is usually used in the context of pediatric patients.

Pseudopneumomediastinum

Pseudopneumomediastinum is the false impression, usually on a chest x-ray, of pneumomediastinum. Correctly identifying pneumomediastinum is important, but making the diagnosis in error may lead to further unnecessary investigation and possible treatment. Causes include: Mach band superimposed...

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