Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,981 results found
Article
Pulmonary cavity
A pulmonary cavity is a collection of gas and/or fluid enclosed by a thick and often irregular wall which usually occurs when central necrotic tissue is expelled via a bronchial connection. Cavities may be single or multiple and can be isolated or associated with lung disease 12.
Terminology
P...
Article
Thoracic actinomycosis infection
Thoracic actinomycosis refers to an uncommon indolent infection caused principally by the genus Actinomyces (higher prokaryotic bacteria belonging to the family Actinomyceataceae).
Epidemiology
While it is rare in general, the thoracic form actinomycosis constitutes ∼15% of the total burden of...
Article
Empyema vs pleural effusion
An empyema can resemble a pleural effusion and can mimic a peripheral pulmonary abscess. Features that help distinguish a pleural effusion from an empyema include:
Shape and location
Empyemas usually:
form an obtuse angle with the chest wall
unilateral or markedly asymmetric whereas pleural ...
Article
Klebsiella
Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, which is relatively commonly encountered in the healthcare environment. It has numerous species, including K. pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, and K. rhinoscleromatis 1. Klebsiella may cause a range of infections, most commo...
Article
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: HRCT chest approach
The approach to HRCT chest in patients with suspected idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) is with the aim to:
make sure an appropriate study requested i.e. HRCT chest with optimal individually adjusted protocol and ensure adequacy of the HRCT chest quality (see imaging protocol below)
meti...
Article
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias
The idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are diffuse interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause. They are characterized by cellular infiltration of the interstitial compartment of the lung with varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis.
Classification
Over the years many attempts have...
Article
Revised PIOPED criteria for diagnosis of pulmonary embolus
The revised PIOPED criteria for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolus indicate the probability of pulmonary emboli based on findings on V/Q scan (ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy). The following article reflects the revised interpretation criteria promulgated in 1993 1 based on retrospective anal...
Article
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Thoracic outlet syndrome refers to a group of clinical syndromes caused by congenital or acquired compression of the brachial plexus or subclavian vessels as they pass through the superior thoracic aperture 11.
Clinical presentation
Clinical presentation will depend on the structure compresse...
Article
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (aTOS) is considered rarest from of
thoracic outlet syndrome and can result in compression of arterial structures (especially the subclavian artery) at thoracic outlet, or superior thoracic aperture.
Many of these patients may also have concurrent venous thora...
Article
Lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces
Lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces, rather than a distinct disease, represents a spectrum of radiological patterns of tumor growth mainly characterized by lesions arising or abutting the walls of cystic airspaces. Attention to this pattern has been brought in recent decades primarily d...
Article
Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis (historical)
Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also known as acute extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is a legacy term not recommended in the guidelines (c. 2020) 9. It refers to the episodic form of this condition usually happening in just a few hours after the antigen exposure and often recurring with the re...
Article
Pulmonary necrotizing granuloma
Pulmonary necrotizing granuloma refers to rather blanket term covering a group of entities which can result in granuloma formation with associated necrosis.
Pathology
On a pathologic specimen a necrotizing granuloma comprises of aggregates of macrophages transformed into epithelium-like cells...
Article
Oxygen masks
Oxygen masks are commonly visible on chest imaging, as they are generally not removed before the examination is performed.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
Oxygen masks are of soft-tissue density and may mimic lung lesions. A nebuliser mask with liquid in its cup causing an air-fluid l...
Article
Bagassosis
Bagassosis refers to a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis related to a mouldy molasses usually related to sugar cane dry pulpy fibrous residue called bagasse (Thermoactinomyces sacchari). It is considered to reflect a reaction to organic dust and is becoming rarer.
Article
Mickey Mouse sign (disambiguation)
In medical imaging, a Mickey Mouse sign or appearance has been given to imaging features that mimic Mickey Mouse when viewed from the front. It has been described in the following:
anencephaly 2
progressive supranuclear palsy 1
synonymously with a finger in glove sign
the flared shape of the...
Article
Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma, also known as malignant mesothelioma, is an aggressive malignant tumor of the mesothelium. Most tumors arise from the pleura, and so this article will focus on pleural mesothelioma.
Given the presence of the mesothelium in different parts of the body, mesothelioma can arise in var...
Article
Pneumonia
The term pneumonia is most commonly used to mean acute infection of the lung parenchyma. Sometimes chronic infections are included.
Terminology
the term consolidation is often erroneously misinterpreted as a synonym for pneumonia
some interstitial lung diseases have been classified as interst...
Article
Subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis (historical)
Subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis (also known as subacute extrinsic allergic alveolitis) is a legacy term not recommended in guidelines (c. 2020) 10. It develops when hypersensitivity pneumonitis continues beyond the acute phase (i.e. continues for weeks to months) and still has the potentia...
Article
Pleural effusion
Pleural effusions are abnormal accumulations of fluid within the pleural space. They may result from a variety of pathological processes which overwhelm the pleura's ability to reabsorb fluid.
Terminology
"Pleural effusion" is commonly used as a catch-all term to describe any abnormal accumula...
Article
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax, commonly abbreviated to PTX, (plural: pneumothoraces) refers to the presence of gas (often air) in the pleural space. When this collection of gas constantly enlarges with resulting compression of mediastinal structures, it can be life-threatening and is known as a tension pneumotho...
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