Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
799 results found
Article
MitraClip device
A MitraClip is a device for percutaneous mitral valve repair. It is a percutaneous edge-to-edge attachment system that mimics the surgical procedure. This technique creates a tissue bridge between the anterior and posterior leaflets, employing one clip deployed through transseptal catheterizatio...
Article
Accessory left atrial appendage
An accessory left atrial appendage is a frequent fortuitous finding in cardiac imaging, encountered in ~10% of patients. They are more often seen as a small diverticular structure projecting from the right upper side of the left atrial wall.
Differential diagnosis
it must not be confused with ...
Article
Stanford classification of aortic dissection
The Stanford classification, along with the DeBakey classification, is used to separate aortic dissections into those that need surgical repair, and those that usually require only medical management 7.
Both the Stanford and DeBakey systems can be used to describe all forms of an acute aortic s...
Article
Fetal atrioventricular block
Fetal atrioventricular block is a form a fetal bradyarrhythmia often classified into
fetal partial atrioventricular block (PAVB)
fetal complete atrioventricular block (CAVB)
Epidemiology
Fetal atrioventricular block is considered rare finding with reported occurrences of around 1:11,000-20,0...
Article
Aortic valve stenosis
Aortic valve stenosis is the most common valvulopathy and describes narrowing of the opening of the aortic valve between the aorta and the left ventricle.
Epidemiology
Aortic stenosis is the most common valvulopathy, present in up to one-quarter of all patients with chronic valvular heart dise...
Article
Myocardium
The myocardium defines the middle layer of the cardiac wall between the endocardium and the pericardium and forms the muscular part of the heart.
Gross anatomy
The myocardium represents the middle layer of the cardiac wall. It is located between the endocardium and the epicardial layer of the ...
Article
Epipericardial fat necrosis
Epipericardial fat necrosis (also sometimes purely categorized as pericardial fat necrosis or epicardial fat necrosis) is a rare self-limiting cause of acute pleuritic pain in an otherwise healthy individual, without fever or cough. It occurs external to the pericardium.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
Peripartum/postpartum cardiomyopathy
Peripartum/postpartum cardiomyopathy is a dilated cardiomyopathy that may occur in the last trimester of pregnancy through the first several months postpartum.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence in the United States ranges from one in 900 to one in 4000 live births, with an increased inciden...
Article
Unroofed coronary sinus
An unroofed coronary sinus, a.k.a. coronary sinus type ASD, is a rare variant of atrial septal defect (ASD). The atrial wall between the coronary sinus and left atrium is either partially or completely absent, resulting in a right-to-left shunt.
It is associated with persistent left-sided super...
Article
Isthmus (disambiguation)
Isthmus (plural: isthmi) is an anatomical term and refers to a slender structure joining two larger components. Some of these uses of the word isthmus are now rarely used or only seen in older texts and articles:
isthmus (aorta)
isthmus (auditory tube)
isthmus (auricle of the ear)
isthmus (c...
Article
Coronary arterial dominance
Coronary arterial dominance is defined by the vessel which gives rise to the posterior descending artery (PDA), which supplies the myocardium of the inferior third of the interventricular septum.
Most hearts (80-85%) are right dominant where the PDA is supplied by the right coronary artery (RCA...
Article
Retroaortic anomalous coronary sign (echocardiography)
The retroaortic anomalous coronary (RAC) sign describes the sonographic appearance of an anomalous left coronary artery traveling posteriorly to the aortic root. It is most commonly observed with anomalous origin of the left circumflex artery from the right sinus of Valsalva, but is also describ...
Article
Retroaortic coronary course
A retroaortic course refers to a coronary artery taking its route posteriorly between the non-coronary sinus and the interatrial septum and is considered a ‘benign anomalous course’.
Epidemiology
Associations
Clinical conditions associated with a retroaortic course of a coronary artery includ...
Article
Medical devices in the thorax
Medical devices in the thorax are regularly observed by radiologists when reviewing radiographs and CT scans.
Extrathoracic devices
tubing, clamps, syringes, scissors, lying on or under the patient
rubber sheets, foam mattresses, clothing, hair braids, nipple piercings, etc., may also be visi...
Article
Myocardial fibrosis
Myocardial fibrosis refers to an increase in collagen volume within the extracellular interstitium of the myocardium 1-3.
Clinical presentation
Myocardial fibrosis leads to diastolic and or systolic dysfunction and patients can present with symptoms associated with cardiac insufficiency arrhyt...
Article
Great vessels
The great vessels is the collective term given to the major arteries and veins that convey blood to and away from the heart:
aorta
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
The branches and tributaries of these named vessels are not great vessels, e.g. brachioc...
Article
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is an idiopathic disorder characterized by the development of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Epidemiology
It usually occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. There may be a greater predilection in children and adolescents.
Pathology
The pathogenesi...
Article
Upper lobe pulmonary venous diversion
Upper lobe pulmonary venous diversion (also described as cephalisation of the pulmonary veins) reflects elevation of left atrial pressure and is an early sign of pulmonary edema.
Clinical presentation
The normal left atrial pressure is 5-10 mmHg. An elevation of left atrial pressure to 10-15 m...
Article
Klebsiella
Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, which is relatively commonly encountered in the healthcare environment. It has numerous species, including K. pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, and K. rhinoscleromatis 1. Klebsiella may cause a range of infections, most commo...
Article
Tc-99m sestamibi
Tc-99m sestamibi (sestamibi is a shortening of sesta-methoxyisobutylisonitrile) is one of the technetium radiopharmaceuticals.
Characteristics
photon energy: 140 KeV
physical half-life: 6 hours
lipophilic cation
normal distribution: thyroid, parathyroid, heart (myocardium)
e...
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