Items tagged “case1”
101 results found
Article
Vaginal atresia
Vaginal atresia refers to a spectrum of anomalies comprising of failure to form a part or all of the vagina.
Epidemiology
It is considered the second most common cause of primary amenorrhea. The estimated
Incidence is at ~ 2 in 10000 women.
Clinical presentation
The most common symptom ...
Article
Renal hypoplasia
Renal hypoplasia refers to a congenitally small kidney where there is essentially normal residual parenchyma but smaller calyces, lobules and papillae. This is in contrast to renal atrophy where renal development was initially normal but the kidney has become smaller secondary to various other p...
Article
Female pseudohermaphroditism
Female pseudohermaphroditism is a form of disorder of gender development.
Pathology
Patients with female pseudohermaphroditism have female internal genitalia and female karyotype (46 XX) with various degrees of external genitalia virilization.
Causes
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): c...
Article
Renal artery dissection
Renal artery dissection may occur as a result of the following processes 1:
aortic dissection extending to involve the renal artery
iatrogenic (e.g. catheterization)
trauma
atherosclerosis
fibromuscular dysplasia
connective tissue diseases (e.g. Marfan syndrome)
idiopathic/spontaneous
Article
Anal cancer
Anal cancer is relatively uncommon, accounting for <2% of large bowel malignancies. Most cases are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on histology.
Epidemiology
Anal cancer accounts for <2% of large bowel malignancies and ~3.5% (range 1-6%) of anorectal tumors (~1.5% of all gastrointestinal tract m...
Article
Anterior junction line
The anterior junction (or junctional) line is a feature of frontal chest radiographs and chest CTs. It is a result of the parietal and visceral pleura meeting anteromedially. It normally contains a small amount of fat in between but can form a stripe of variable thickness if there is a lot of fa...
Article
Bone age assessment
Bone age assessment is used to radiologically assess the biological and structural maturity of immature patients from their hand and wrist x-ray appearances. It forms an important part of the diagnostic and management pathway in children with growth and endocrine disorders. It is helpful in the ...
Article
Pectoralis minor muscle
The pectoralis minor muscle is a muscle of the pectoral region lying deep to and completely covered by the pectoralis major muscle.
It is an important anatomical landmark in two senses:
it arbitrarily divides the axillary artery into 3 parts
it arbitrarily divides the axillary lymph nodes in...
Article
Choledochocele
Choledochoceles are a specific type of choledochal cyst (type III under the Todani classification system).
Epidemiology
Patients are usually adolescents and may present with a recurrent crisis of right upper quadrant pain, hyperamylasemia, or jaundice ref.
Pathology
In this type, there is ...
Article
Metaphyseal diaphyseal angle
The metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle (of Drennan) is an important measurement used to distinguish between tibia vara (Blount disease) and physiological bowleg.
Measurement
This angle is measured by drawing a line along the long axis of the tibia, creating a perpendicular to this line, and drawing...
Article
Renal sinus lipomatosis
Renal sinus lipomatosis refers to a condition where there is excessive renal sinus fat replacement.
Pathology
Renal sinus lipomatosis results from renal parenchymal atrophy, inflammation, calculous disease, aging 1, or exogenous or endogenous steroids. There is usually no or rarely little mass...
Article
Pubic symphysis
The pubic symphysis (or symphysis pubis) is a midline secondary amphiarthrodial cartilaginous joint of the bony pelvis, uniting both pubic bodies.
Gross anatomy
Articulations
The pubic symphysis is a secondary cartilaginous joint, which means there is a wedge-shaped fibrocartilaginous interpu...
Article
Juxtapleural lung nodules
Juxtapleural lung nodules can be defined by their location within 15 mm of a pleural surface. Intrapulmonary lymph nodes are typically pleura-based or subpleural in location 7 but must be distinguished from small, peripheral lung cancers 8.
Terminology
Perifissural lymph nodes have been well-...
Article
Eustachian valve
The Eustachian valve, also known as the "valve of the inferior vena cava", is a ridge of variable thickness in the inferior right atrium. It is a remnant of a fetal structure that directed incoming oxygenated blood to the foramen ovale and away from the right atrium.
Radiographic features
In...
Article
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is a clinical syndrome that occurs secondary to elevated gastrin levels produced by a gastrinoma.
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is often delayed by 5-7 years after the onset of symptoms 2.
Pathology
Gastrinomas are usually mu...
Article
Urinary bladder wall thickening
Urinary bladder wall thickening is a common finding and its significance depends on whether the bladder is adequately distended.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
In both adults and children, the wall may be considered thickened on ultrasound if it measures 6:
>3 mm when distended (>25% expec...
Article
Buried bumper syndrome
Buried bumper syndrome is a rare but important complication in patients with a percutaneous gastrostomy (PEG) tube, occurring by migration of the internal bumper along its track. The tube may get lodged anywhere between the gastric wall and the skin and lead to life-threatening complications tha...
Article
Elbow synovial fold syndrome
Elbow synovial fold syndrome refers to a condition where patients experience a cluster of symptoms due to the presence of synovial folds (also known as synovial fringe or plicae).
Epidemiology
It tends to be more common in athletic young adults. It is associated with certain sporting activitie...
Article
Suprascapular notch
The suprascapular notch is located on the superior aspect of the scapula, at the scapula's anterolateral aspect.
Gross anatomy
The suprascapular notch separates the superior border of the scapula from the coracoid process.
Relations and/or boundaries
The suprascapular nerve passes through t...
Article
Placental evaluation with MRI
Placental evaluation with MRI is a problem-solving technique that can be used if ultrasound evaluation is insufficient or confusing. Even if the placenta is not the main point of evaluation, it is useful to understand the appearance of the placenta on obstetric imaging for other causes.
Techniq...
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