Items tagged “thyroid”
30 results found
Article
Papillary thyroid cancer
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignancy of the thyroid gland and frequently has nodal metastases at presentation.
Terminology
When the tumor measures <1 cm, the term micropapillary carcinoma (mPTC) is used 14.
Epidemiology
Papillary thyroid cancer (as is the case wit...
Article
Differentiated thyroid cancer (staging)
Differentiated thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committ...
Article
Assessment of thyroid lesions (general)
Assessment of thyroid lesions is commonly encountered in radiological practice.
Thyroid mass
hyperplastic/colloid nodule/nodular hyperplasia: 85%
adenoma
follicular: 5%
others: rare
primary thyroid cancer (carcinoma)
papillary: 60-80% of carcinomas
follicular: 10-20%
medullary: 5%
anap...
Article
Thyroidea ima artery
The thyroidea ima artery is an uncommon variant of the blood supply to the inferior aspect of the thyroid gland. It is reported in ~7.5% (range 1.5-12.2%) of individuals and can arise from:
brachiocephalic trunk (most common: 1.9-6.0%)
right common carotid artery
aortic arch
internal thoraci...
Article
Follicular thyroid cancer
Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is the second most frequent malignancy of the thyroid gland after papillary cancer and accounts for 10-20% of all thyroid neoplasms.
Epidemiology
It typically occurs in women and in an older age group than papillary (i.e. 40-60 years of age).
Pathology
Unl...
Article
Congenital hypothyroidism (mnemonic)
The features of an infant with congenital hypothyroidism can be recalled with the following mnemonic:
5 Ps
Mnemonic
P: pot belly
P: pallor
P: puffy face
P: protruding umbilicus
P: poked out tongue
Article
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a subtype of thyroid cancer that accounts for 5-10% of all thyroid malignancies. It occurs both sporadically (80%) and as a familial form.
Epidemiology
In non-familial cases, it typically peaks in the 3rd to 4th decades.
Associations
When familial, it is seen a...
Article
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is a highly aggressive form of thyroid cancer and accounts for ~1-2% of primary thyroid malignancies. Of all the subtypes, this carries the worst prognosis.
Epidemiology
Typically occurs in the elderly with the peak incidence in the 6th and 7th decades. A significa...
Article
Lingual thyroid
A lingual thyroid is a specific type of ectopic thyroid and results from the lack of normal caudal migration of the thyroid gland.
NB: Location at the base of the tongue aside, the information in this article can relate to any ectopic thyroid tissue.
Epidemiology
The condition is congenital a...
Article
Marine-Lenhart syndrome
Marine-Lenhart syndrome refers to a variant of Graves disease where there are coexistent autonomous thyroid nodules. It is better described as Graves disease with coexistent multinodular goiter or nodular Graves disease 1.
Epidemiology
The syndrome is rare with reported prevalence somewhere b...
Article
Graves disease
Graves disease, also known as Basedow disease in mainland Europe 9, is an autoimmune thyroid disease and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.
Epidemiology
There is a strong female predilection (F:M = 5:1), and is most common between 30-60 years 14. The incidence is 20 per 100,000 peopl...
Article
Thymic wave sign
Thymic wave sign refers to the indentation of the normal thymus in young children by the ribs, resulting in a wavy border on chest radiograph.
There are at least 3 described signs relating to a normal thymus in infants; thymic sail sign, thymic notch sign and thymic wave sign. Being able to id...
Article
Zuckerkandl tubercle
Zuckerkandl tubercles are the projections of normal thyroid tissue from the posterior or posteromedial margin of the thyroid gland that extend posterior to the tracheoesophageal groove. They are present in most patients and occur more commonly on the right and in the longitudinal center 50% of t...
Article
Colloid nodule (thyroid)
Colloid nodules are non-neoplastic benign nodules occurring within the thyroid gland. They form the vast majority of nodular thyroid disease.
Pathology
Colloid nodules are composed of irregularly enlarged follicles containing abundant colloid. A colloid nodule may be single or multiple and can...
Article
Multinodular goiter
Multinodular goiter (MNG) is defined as an enlarged thyroid gland (i.e. goiter) due to multiple nodules which may have normal, decreased or increased function.
Terminology
When increased activity and hyperthyroidism are present then the condition is referred to as a toxic multinodular goiter ...
Article
Iodinated contrast-induced thyrotoxicosis
Iodinated contrast-induced thyrotoxicosis is rare and may occur in patients with pre-existing thyroid disease and through complications of thyrotoxicosis (e.g. cardiac arrhythmia) may be fatal. Patients with a normal thyroid gland are unaffected.
Patients with existing thyrotoxicosis should no...
Article
Goiter
Goiter (rarely thyromegaly) refers to enlargement of the thyroid gland. It can occur from multiple conditions. Clearly the absence of thyroid enlargement does not preclude significant thyroid pathology.
The definition of a goiter depends on age and sex; below are the upper limits of normal for ...
Article
Gene expression classifier
A gene expression classifier (GEC) test is a developing technology in the analysis of indeterminate thyroid nodules, using cells from a fine needle aspiration. The most common commercially available GEC in the United States is known as AFIRMA.
The test is designed to use molecular markers to he...
Article
Heterogeneous thyroid echotexture
Heterogeneous echogenicity of the thyroid gland is a non-specific finding and is associated with conditions diffusely affecting the thyroid gland. These include:
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Graves disease
The presence of heterogenous thyroid echogenicity may reduce sensitivity of detection of thyro...
Article
Thyroid lymphoma
Thyroid lymphoma is rare, accounting for a minority of both thyroid malignancies and lymphoma in general.
The thyroid may be affected primarily or secondary to lymphoma elsewhere. This article is concerned with primary thyroid lymphoma.
Epidemiology
Thyroid lymphoma accounts for <5% of thyr...
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