Dyspepsia is a group of upper abdominal gastrointestinal symptoms often described as a burning sensation, discomfort, nausea and bloating, especially after meals.
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Epidemiology
Dyspepsia is a common condition affecting up to 25% of the population in the United States.
Clinical presentation
bloating
burning sensation in the upper abdomen
early satiety
burping
nausea
Pathology
Etiology
excess alcohol intake
excessive caffeine-containing drinks (e.g. coffee, tea)
spicy, greasy or food rich in fats
acidic consumables (e.g. tomatoes, lime, citrus fruits)
smoking
medications (e.g. aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac sodium)
Associations
lactose intolerance
Functional dyspepsia
When symptoms of dyspepsia are not found associated with any organic, metabolic or systemic disease.
Treatment and prognosis
Treatment depends upon the cause:
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medications
antacids (e.g. calcium carbonate, simethicone)
proton pump inhibitors (e.g. esomeprazole, omeprazole)
H2 blockers (e.g. ranitidine, famotidine)
prokinetics (e.g. metoclopramide)
antibiotics if H. pylori infection
lifestyle modification
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