The Effman classification is a widely used system classifying several distinct types of urethral duplication.
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Usage
The Effman classification is the most commonly used 3, which is considered the most complete classification from a clinical and functional point of view 4, but it is only based on male forms and does not distinguish sagittal from coronal duplications.
Classification
Type I - incomplete urethral duplication
type IA: opening on the dorsal or ventral surface of the penis without communication with the urethra or bladder
type IB: communicating proximally with the urethra but does not open on the penis surface
Type II - complete patent urethral duplication
type IIA1: two totally independent urethras arising separately from the bladder
type IIA2: accessory urethra arising from the main one and courses independently toward its own meatus
type IIA2-Y: a particular form of IIA2 type with a ventral urethra opening in the perineum, referred to as congenital posterior urethroperineal fistula (CUPF)
type IIB: two urethras arising separately from the bladder and unite distally to open in one meatus
Type III - urethral duplication associated with caudal duplication
History and etymology
This classification was initially set by Effman, Lebowman and Colodny in 1976 2, and later modified by Bello in 2014 1, including CUPF as a type IIA2-Y since it has a different treatment compared to other IIA2 type defects.
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