Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,871 results found
Article
Aortoesophageal fistula
Aortoesophageal (aorto-esophageal) fistulae are pathologic communications between the aorta and esophagus and result in life-threatening upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. They are fatal in the absence of prompt management.
Epidemiology
Aortoesophageal fistulas are a rare entity that accounts...
Article
Thoracic endovascular aortic repair
A thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is a type of endovascular aneurysm repair that involves the thoracic aorta.
Indications
It is a commonly applied treatment strategy for various thoracic aortic pathologies inclusive of both:
type A and type B thoracic aortic dissections
penetrati...
Article
5-ALA fluorescence-guided surgery
5-ALA fluorescence-guided surgery is an intraoperative technique that takes advantage of tumor cells accumulating a fluorescent compound to make the location of the tumor more readily apparent. It is primarily used in the resection of high-grade gliomas (e.g. glioblastoma, grade 3 or 4 astrocyto...
Article
Decompressive craniectomy
Decompressive craniectomies are craniectomies performed to relieve raised intracranial pressure, most commonly in the setting of florid cerebral edema following cranial trauma or swelling following infarction 1.
History
Craniectomies for the treatment of cranial trauma date back to at least 10...
Article
Patellar height (overview)
Patella height is an important anatomical variation measured as the height of the patella compared to the knee joint line. A patella that sits too high is known as patella alta, and a patella that sits too low is known as patella baja.
The patella plays an important role in human ambulation, k...
Article
Osteoarthritis of the knee
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is very common and is a major cause of morbidity, especially in the older population.
Terminology
The term early osteoarthritis of the knee has been proposed and has been defined as meeting three main criteria 9:
knee pain
Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2 or less on...
Article
Cone-shaped cecum (differential)
A cone-shaped cecum refers to a loss of the normal rounded appearance of the cecum, which instead becomes narrow and cone-shaped with the apex pointing towards the base of the appendix. It is encountered in a number of conditions including:
inflammatory
infective
blastomycosis
amoebiasis
Ye...
Article
Segmentation
Segmentation, in the context of informatics for radiology, refers to the delineation of areas of interest in imaging in terms of pixels or voxels.
Segmentation is often accomplished by computerized algorithms that vary in complexity from simply selecting pixels of similar values in proximity to...
Article
Migraine
Migraines are a common primary headache disorder and can present variably. Typically they consist of debilitating headaches, accompanied by an aura in one-third of patients.
Epidemiology
Migraine is a very common condition, with a 1-year prevalence of 12% 8. It is most prevalent in early-middl...
Article
Septic pulmonary emboli
Septic pulmonary emboli refer to the embolization of infectious particles (intravascular thrombus containing microorganisms) into the lungs via the pulmonary arterial system.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms can be non-specific but most manifest as a bacteremia 18 with, dyspnea, chest pain, cou...
Article
Posterior circulation infarction
Posterior circulation infarction, also known as posterior circulation stroke, corresponds to any infarction occurring within the vertebrobasilar vascular territory, which includes the brainstem, cerebellum, midbrain, thalami, and areas of temporal and occipital lobes.
Please refer to each speci...
Article
Inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy is an uncommon cerebral amyloid deposition disease, closely related to the far more common non-inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and can present as areas of vasogenic edema.
Terminology
The term "inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy" can be ...
Article
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease which results from the reactivation of John Cunningham virus (JC virus) infecting oligodendrocytes in patients with compromised immune systems.
It is considered the most common clinical manifestation of JC virus infecti...
Article
Otsu's method
Otsu’s method, also known as Otsu's threshold algorithm, is an automatic thresholding algorithm used in image processing. The method separates pixels or voxels from an image into groups based on where their values are are in terms of the image histogram. The method finds threshold values that c...
Article
Radiomics
Radiomics (as applied to radiology) is a field of medical study that aims to extract a large number of quantitative features from medical images using data characterization algorithms. The data is assessed for improved decision support. It has the potential to uncover disease characteristics tha...
Article
Posterior tibial artery
The posterior tibial artery (PTA) is one of the 2 branches of the tibioperoneal trunk in the lower leg and provides oxygenated blood to the posterior compartments of the leg and plantar surface of the foot. It is accompanied by the posterior tibial vein, along its course.
Summary
origin: tibio...
Article
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), is a neurotoxic state that occurs secondary to the inability of the posterior circulation to autoregulate in response to acute changes in blood pressure. Hyperperfusion wi...
Article
Limited intimal tear
Limited intimal tears (LIT) of the aorta or limited aortic intimal tears are subtle localized tears of the aortic intima without tear extension and represent an uncommon form of aortic dissection that can manifest as acute aortic syndrome 1-5.
Epidemiology
Limited intimal tears are uncommon an...
Article
Dermoid cyst
Dermoid cysts are cysts that contain skin elements including squamous epithelium and dermal appendages (adnexa), such as sebaceous and sweat glands and hair.
They are discussed separately according to anatomic location:
intracranial dermoid cyst
orbital dermoid cyst
spinal dermoid cyst
ovar...
Article
Persistent hypophyseal canal
Persistent hypophyseal canal, also known as the craniopharyngeal canal when larger than 1.5 mm in diameter, is a rare congenital defect characterized by communication through the central skull base between the nasopharynx and the pituitary fossa.
Terminology
There are a number of terms that r...
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