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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Slipped upper femoral epiphysis

Slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE), also known as a slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), (plural: epiphyses) is a relatively common condition affecting the physis of the proximal femur in adolescents. It is one of the commonest hip abnormalities in adolescence and is bilateral in 20-40%...

Spiral glenohumeral ligament

The spiral glenohumeral ligament, also termed fasciculus obliquus, ligamentum glenohumerale spirale and spiral GHL, is a focal thickening of the glenohumeral joint capsule, akin to the other glenohumeral ligaments, yet it is not widely recognized 1. Gross anatomy The spiral glenohumeral ligam...

Carotid artery stenosis

Carotid artery stenosis, also known as extracranial carotid artery stenosis, is usually caused by an atherosclerotic process and is one of the major causes of stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). This article refers to stenosis involving the carotid bulb and the proximal segment of inte...

Methotrexate lung disease

Methotrexate lung disease is a specific etiological type of drug-induced lung disease. It can occur due to the administration of methotrexate, which is an antimetabolite, commonly prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis. It is also given alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agent...

Appendix

The appendix or vermiform appendix (plural: appendices) is a blind muscular tube arising from the cecum, the first part of the large bowel. Gross anatomy The appendix arises from the posteromedial surface of the cecum, approximately 2-3 cm inferior to the ileocecal valve, where the three longi...

Cystitis cystica

Cystitis cystica is the same condition as ureteritis cystica and is closely related to cystitis glandularis. It is a relatively common chronic reactive inflammatory disorder that occurs in the setting of chronic irritation of the bladder mucosa. Epidemiology Cystitis cystica is seen in various...

Bovine arch

Bovine arch is the most common variant of the aortic arch and occurs when the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery shares a common origin with the left common carotid artery. Epidemiology A bovine arch is present in ~15% (range 8-27%) of the population and is more common in individuals of Afri...

Blumcke classification of focal cortical dysplasia

Blumcke et al. proposed (2011) 2 the widely adopted consensus classification system for focal cortical dysplasia, which shares many features with the previously described classification systems by Palmini (2004) and Barkovich (2005). Unfortunately, as is the case with many classification syst...

Visual assessment of coronary artery calcification

Overall visual assessment of coronary artery calcification is a simple scoring system for risk assessment of coronary heart disease mortality by an overall "gestalt" of none, mild, moderate or heavy coronary artery calcification (CAC). It is comparable to the Agatston score but has the advantage...

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), also known as Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome or Strübing-Marchiafava anemia, is an acquired hematopoietic stem cell disorder whereby some of the red blood cells produced are defective and are susceptible to premature destruction by the immune system, lead...

Rectal cancer (staging)

Staging of rectal cancer uses the TNM staging system and strongly predicts the success, and rate, of local recurrence following rectal cancer resection. MRI is the modality of choice for the staging of rectal cancer, to guide surgical and non-surgical management options. MRI is used at diagnosis...

Thermal index

The thermal index (TI) is intended as a measure of an ultrasound beam's thermal bioeffects. It is often displayed on ultrasound screens (along with the mechanical index). Absorption of sound waves may cause heating in tissue. The thermal index depends on: a measure of time-averaged acoustic p...

Suspected physical abuse

Suspected physical abuse (SPA), also known as non-accidental injury (NAI) or inflicted injury, in infants and young children represents both ethical and legal challenges to treating physicians. Radiologists may be the first clinical staff to suspect non-accidental injuries when confronted with ...

Libman-Sacks endocarditis

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (LSE), also known as verrucous endocarditis, is a form of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis characterized by large thrombi vegetations over the endocardial surface. It was considered the predominant form of endocarditis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) until tr...

Mediastinal mass

Mediastinal masses may be caused by a wide variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathologies. It is helpful to identify the location of the mass since this significantly reduces the breadth of the differential diagnosis. There are four conceptual compartments of the mediastinum which are di...

Acromegaly

Acromegaly is the result of excessive growth hormone production in skeletally mature patients, most commonly from a pituitary adenoma. The same excess of growth hormone in individuals whose epiphyses have not fused will result in gigantism (excessively tall stature). Epidemiology Acromegaly ...

West Nile virus

West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus and one of the Flavivirus genus known to cause neuroinvasive disease, including Flavivirus encephalitis. According to the CDC, the majority of mosquito-borne disease in the continental United States is attributed to West Nile virus infection 1. Epidemiolog...

Disc protrusion

Disc protrusions are a type of disc herniation characterized by protrusion of disc content beyond the normal confines of the intervertebral disc, over a segment less than 25% of the circumference of the disc. The width of the base is wider than the largest diameter of the disc material which pro...

Paracondylar process

The paracondylar process, also known as the paraoccipital, paramastoid, parajugular or estiloid process, is a rare anatomical variant of the occipital where a bony exostosis extends caudally from the paracondylar region (lateral to the native occipital condyles), typically articulating with the ...

Ligamentum nuchae

The ligamentum nuchae or nuchal ligament is a large median ligament composed of tendons and fascia located between the posterior muscles of the neck. Gross anatomy The ligament nuchae covers the spines of C1 to C6 vertebrae. It is a superior and posterior extension of the supraspinous ligament...

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