Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,871 results found
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma (oral cavity)
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is the most common (by far) of the malignant lesions affecting this region.
As they share epidemiology, pathology and general principles with other squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract, those topics are covered there. Below are a ...
Article
Kawashima procedure
Kawashima procedure is a palliative surgical procedure performed in cases of:
left isomerism and azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava
single functional ventricle
single atrium and common atrioventricular valve with or without regurgitation
pulmonary stenosis
It is performed by crea...
Article
Spiral glenohumeral ligament
The spiral glenohumeral ligament, also termed fasciculus obliquus, ligamentum glenohumerale spirale and spiral GHL, is a focal thickening of the glenohumeral joint capsule, akin to the other glenohumeral ligaments, yet it is not widely recognized 1.
Gross anatomy
The spiral glenohumeral ligam...
Article
Primary hyperoxaluria
Primary hyperoxaluria, also referred to as primary oxalosis, is a congenital autosomal recessive disease related to a liver enzyme deficiency leading to massive cortical nephrocalcinosis and renal failure.
Please refer to secondary oxalosis for a discussion on the acquired form of hyperoxaluri...
Article
Chemical shift artifact
Chemical shift artifact or misregistration is a type of MRI artifact. It is a common finding on some MRI sequences and used in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). This artifact occurs in the frequency-encoding direction and is due to spatial misregistration of fat and water molecules.
Chemi...
Article
Simpson grade
The Simpson grade of meningioma resection was described in 1957 and correlated the degree of surgical resection completeness with symptomatic recurrence 1.
grade I
complete removal including resection of the underlying bone and associated dura
9% symptomatic recurrence at 10 years
grade II
...
Article
Periosteal ganglion cyst
Periosteal ganglion cysts or periosteal ganglia are rather rare types of ganglion cysts that affect the periosteum.
Clinical presentation
Clinical symptoms depend on the location, they have been reported to present with pain, as a firm, painless swelling and were found incidentally.
Pathology...
Article
Parathyroid adenoma
Parathyroid adenomas are benign tumors of the parathyroid glands and are the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism.
Epidemiology
Associations
There is an association with multiple endocrine neoplasia types I (MEN1) and IV (MEN4).
Clinical presentation
Patients typically present w...
Article
Nuchal translucency
Nuchal translucency is the normal fluid-filled subcutaneous space identified at the back of the fetal neck during the late first trimester and early second trimester (11 weeks 3 days to 13 weeks 6 days).
It should not be confused with the nuchal fold, which is seen in the second trimester.
P...
Article
Patellar height (overview)
Patella height is an important anatomical variation measured as the height of the patella compared to the knee joint line. A patella that sits too high is known as patella alta, and a patella that sits too low is known as patella baja.
The patella plays an important role in human ambulation, k...
Article
Cone-shaped cecum (differential)
A cone-shaped cecum refers to a loss of the normal rounded appearance of the cecum, which instead becomes narrow and cone-shaped with the apex pointing towards the base of the appendix. It is encountered in a number of conditions including:
inflammatory
infective
blastomycosis
amoebiasis
Ye...
Article
Aortoesophageal fistula
Aortoesophageal (aorto-esophageal) fistulae are pathologic communications between the aorta and esophagus and result in life-threatening upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. They are fatal in the absence of prompt management.
Epidemiology
Aortoesophageal fistulas are a rare entity that accounts...
Article
Thoracic endovascular aortic repair
A thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is a type of endovascular aneurysm repair that involves the thoracic aorta.
Indications
It is a commonly applied treatment strategy for various thoracic aortic pathologies inclusive of both:
type A and type B thoracic aortic dissections
penetrati...
Article
5-ALA fluorescence-guided surgery
5-ALA fluorescence-guided surgery is an intraoperative technique that takes advantage of tumor cells accumulating a fluorescent compound to make the location of the tumor more readily apparent. It is primarily used in the resection of high-grade gliomas (e.g. glioblastoma, grade 3 or 4 astrocyto...
Article
Decompressive craniectomy
Decompressive craniectomies are craniectomies performed to relieve raised intracranial pressure, most commonly in the setting of florid cerebral edema following cranial trauma or swelling following infarction 1.
History
Craniectomies for the treatment of cranial trauma date back to at least 10...
Article
Osteoarthritis of the knee
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is very common and is a major cause of morbidity, especially in the older population.
Terminology
The term early osteoarthritis of the knee has been proposed and has been defined as meeting three main criteria 9:
knee pain
Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2 or less on...
Article
Segmentation
Segmentation, in the context of informatics for radiology, refers to the delineation of areas of interest in imaging in terms of pixels or voxels.
Segmentation is often accomplished by computerized algorithms that vary in complexity from simply selecting pixels of similar values in proximity to...
Article
Migraine
Migraines are a common primary headache disorder and can present variably. Typically they consist of debilitating headaches, accompanied by an aura in one-third of patients.
Epidemiology
Migraine is a very common condition, with a 1-year prevalence of 12% 8. It is most prevalent in early-middl...
Article
Septic pulmonary emboli
Septic pulmonary emboli refer to the embolization of infectious particles (intravascular thrombus containing microorganisms) into the lungs via the pulmonary arterial system.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms can be non-specific but most manifest as a bacteremia 18 with, dyspnea, chest pain, cou...
Article
Posterior circulation infarction
Posterior circulation infarction, also known as posterior circulation stroke, corresponds to any infarction occurring within the vertebrobasilar vascular territory, which includes the brainstem, cerebellum, midbrain, thalami, and areas of temporal and occipital lobes.
Please refer to each speci...
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