Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
30 results found
Article
Labeled imaging anatomy cases
This article lists a series of labeled imaging anatomy cases by body region and modality.
Brain
CT head: non-contrast axial
CT head: non-contrast coronal
CT head: non-contrast sagittal
CT head: non-contrast axial with clinical questions
CT head: angiogram axial
CT head: angiogram coronal
...
Article
Accessory breast tissue
Accessory breast tissue, also known as polymastia, is a relatively common congenital condition in which abnormal accessory breast tissue is seen in addition to the presence of normal breast tissue. This normal variant can present as a mass anywhere along the course of the embryologic mammary str...
Article
Axillary lymph nodes
The axillary lymph nodes, also known commonly as axillary nodes, are a group of lymph nodes in the axilla that receive lymph from vessels that drain the arm, the walls of the thorax, the breast and the upper walls of the abdomen.
Gross anatomy
There are five axillary lymph node groups, namely ...
Article
Breast hypoplasia
Breast hypoplasia is a condition which is characterized by underdevelopment of the breast. Breast hypoplasia can be congenital or acquired.
Pathology
Congenital hypoplasia
Associations include:
ulnar-mammary syndrome
Poland syndrome
Turner syndrome
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Acquired...
Article
Pectoralis major muscle
The pectoralis major muscle is a large fan-shaped muscle of the pectoral region, overlying the anterior chest wall but often considered an upper limb muscle due to its function.
Summary
origin: medial clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages, and external oblique aponeurosis
insertion: bicipital...
Article
Sternalis muscle
The sternalis muscle (TA: musculus sternalis 8), also known as rectus sternalis or parasternalis 7, is an uncommon chest wall accessory muscle and is of uncertain etiology and function. Its importance lies in that it should not be mistaken for a pathological lesion.
Epidemiology
Cadaveric stu...
Article
Terminal duct lobular unit
Each lobe of the breast is drained by a collecting duct terminating in the nipple. The collecting duct drains several side branches, each arising from a terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU), the basic functional and histopathological unit of the breast. The terminal duct lobular unit is composed of...
Article
Breast
The breast is an apocrine gland found in both males and females. However, in females, it has a specific function - the production of milk for neonatal nutrition and immune function.
Gross anatomy
The breast has an inhomogeneous structure that is predominantly composed of adipose tissue and gla...
Article
Lymphatic drainage of the breast
Lymphatic drainage of breast originates from breast lobules and flows through intramammary nodes and channels into a subareolar plexus, called Sappey’s plexus. From this plexus, lymphatic drainage takes place through three main routes that parallel venous tributaries. Lymphatics from the left br...
Article
Athelia
Athelia is a rare congenital condition characterized by the absence of the nipple. This may occur unilaterally or bilaterally.
Associations
Poland syndrome
ectodermal dysplasia 2
Article
Amastia
Amastia is a rare congenital condition characterized by the absence of breast tissue, nipple and areola. This may occur unilaterally or bilaterally.
Pathology
During embryological development, breasts first appear as ectoderm ridges during the 6th week of gestation. This ridge grows thicker an...
Article
Amazia
Amazia is a rare congenital condition defined by the absence of breast tissue (glandular parenchyma in either one or both of the breasts) and a normal nipple and areola complex. However, the most common etiology of amazia is iatrogenic; biopsy of the developing breast and the use of radiation th...
Article
Inframammary fold
The inframammary fold is the anatomical boundary formed at the inferior border of the breast, where it joins with the chest.
In mammography, it is an important landmark to identify on the mediolateral oblique view to assess image quality.
Article
Foramen of Langer
The foramen of Langer is a defect in the deep pectoralis fascia. It is a defect at the level of the third intercostal space, through which the upper lateral portion of the breast extends into the axilla forming the axillary tail of Spence.
Article
Crests of Duret
The crests of Duret attach the most numerous superficial breast lobes by their summit to the superficial layer of fascia. The deepest crests connect the anterior lobes to the deep layer through the Cooper's ligament.
Breast lobe groups about one hundred lobules separated by interlobular connect...
Article
Cooper ligament
Cooper ligaments are the fibrous connections between the inner side of the breast skin and the pectoral muscles. Working in conjunction with the fatty tissues and the more fibrous lobular tissues, they are largely responsible for maintaining the shape and configuration of the breast. They play a...
Article
Montgomery tubercles
Montgomery tubercles are the openings of Montgomery glands on the skin surface.
Gross anatomy
They are about 1-2 mm papules on the skin surface located on the skin of the nipple and areola.
These tubercles become prominent during stimulation and pregnancy
Etymology
They are named after Wi...
Article
Supraclavicular lymph nodes
The supraclavicular lymph nodes (often shortened to the supraclavicular nodes) are a paired group of lymph nodes located on each side in the hollow superior to the clavicle, close to the sternoclavicular joint. It is the final common pathway of the lymphatic system as it joins the central venous...
Article
Supernumerary nipples
Supernumerary nipples, also known as accessory nipples or polythelia, are a common congenital malformation. The nipples may be either along the embryonic milk lines or beyond the milk lines, the latter type are called ectopic supernumerary nipples. Much more rarely, the nipples appear with compl...
Article
Interpectoral lymph node
Interpectoral lymph nodes, also known as Rotter lymph nodes, are located in the interpectoral fascia in Rotter space, between the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles. Their number varies from one to four. They are usually considered to be a separate nodal group from the level I and II ...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.