Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
193 results found
Article
Pubococcygeal line
The pubococcygeal line (PCL) is a reference line for the pelvic floor on imaging studies and helps detect and grade pelvic floor prolapse in defecography studies.
Measurement
The pubococcygeal line is defined as one that connects the inferior border of the symphysis pubis (anterior margin) to...
Article
Renal agenesis
Renal agenesis refers to a congenital absence of one or both kidneys. If bilateral (traditionally known as the classic Potter syndrome) the condition is fatal, whereas if unilateral, patients can have a normal life expectancy.
Epidemiology
Unilateral renal agenesis affects approximately 1 in ...
Article
Lying down adrenal sign
The lying down adrenal sign is a cross-sectional imaging sign of renal agenesis or ectopia in which the ipsilateral adrenal gland appears to be 'lying down' on the psoas muscle posteriorly. Due to the linear as opposed to Y-shaped configuration of the gland in such situations, it is also describ...
Article
Male urethra
The male urethra is a fibromuscular tube that drains urine from the bladder. It has a longer, more complicated, course than the female urethra and is also more prone to pathology.
Gross anatomy
The male urethra measures, on average, 18-20 cm in length 6. It commences at the internal urethral o...
Article
Urethral duplication
Urethral duplication is a rare condition in which either a part of the entire urethra is duplicated. It usually occurs in the sagittal plane, and the more dorsal copy is usually the duplication.
Pathology
Urethral duplications may occur due to a variety of developmental anomalies. In females, ...
Article
Rectouterine pouch
The rectouterine pouch (TA: excavatio rectouterina 3), also known as the rectovaginal pouch, cul-de-sac or pouch of Douglas, is an extension of peritoneum between the posterior wall of uterus and the rectum in females. It is the most dependent part of the peritoneal cavity and is analogous to th...
Article
Vesicoureteric junction
The vesicoureteric junction (VUJ), also known as the ureterovesical junction (UVJ) is the most distal portion of the ureter, at the point where it connects to the urinary bladder.
Terminology
Traditionally it is called the vesicoureteric junction, however some anatomists, radiologists and oth...
Article
Prostate
The prostate gland is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system. In adults, it typically weighs ~40 grams and has an average size of 3 x 4 x 2 cm 15. On imaging, the upper limit of normal is considered to be 30 mL 16. The prostate comprises 70% glandular tissue and 30% fibromus...
Article
Hypertrophied column of Bertin
Columns of Bertin represent the extension of renal cortical tissue which separates the pyramids, and as such are normal structures. They become of radiographic importance when they are unusually enlarged and may be mistaken for a renal mass (renal pseudotumor).
Nomenclature of such enlarged col...
Article
Circumcaval ureter
Circumcaval ureter, also known as retrocaval ureter, is a term used to describe an abnormal course of a ureter that encircles the inferior vena cava. Both of these terms are somewhat misleading, as this configuration is considered a developmental anomaly of the inferior vena cava (IVC).
Clinic...
Article
Kidneys
The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that lie at the level of the T12 to L3 vertebral bodies.
Gross anatomy
Location
The kidneys are located to either side of the vertebral column in the perirenal space of the retroperitoneum, within the posterior abdominal wall. The long axis of the...
Article
Viscera
The viscera (singular: viscus) refers to all the internal organs within the major cavities of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis. Therefore it does not include organs of the CNS, head and neck or musculoskeletal compartments nor does it encompass non-internal organs (e.g. the skin) 1.
Splanchnology...
Article
Labeled imaging anatomy cases
This article lists a series of labeled imaging anatomy cases by body region and modality.
Brain
CT head: non-contrast axial
CT head: non-contrast coronal
CT head: non-contrast sagittal
CT head: non-contrast axial with clinical questions
CT head: angiogram axial
CT head: angiogram coronal
...
Article
Perinephric bridging septa
Perinephric bridging septa or septa of Kunin (singular: septum) are composed of numerous fibrous lamellae which traverse the perinephric fat 1,2 where they suspend the kidneys within the perirenal space. The septa may act as a barrier or conduit for the spread of pus, blood, urine, and neoplasms...
Article
Nephroptosis
Nephroptosis, also known as floating/wandering kidney or ren mobilis, refers to the descent of the kidney more than 5 cm or two vertebral bodies when the patient moves from a supine to upright position during IVU 1,2.
Displacement can also occur medially across the midline, so-called medial nep...
Article
Polyorchidism
Polyorchidism, also known as supernumerary testes, refers to the presence of more than two testes and is a very rare congenital anomaly. The supernumerary testis can be usually located inside the scrotum (75% of the patients) or less commonly in the inguinal canal, the retroperitoneum, or the ab...
Article
Pampiniform plexus
The pampiniform plexus (plural: plexuses) is the venous network of approximately 10 veins draining the testis and epididymis in males, and the ovary in females.
In females, the plexus draining the ovary is found within the broad ligament adjacent to the ovary and fallopian tube. Each network co...
Article
Testis
The testes (singular: testis), also known as the testicles, are the male gonads and are contained within the scrotum. The testes are responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone.
Terminology
The term testis (plural testes) is preferred by the Terminologia Anatomica, over testicle. ...
Article
Spermatic cord
The spermatic cord (TA: funiculus spermaticus) is the tubular structure that suspends the testes and epididymis in the scrotum from the abdominal cavity.
Gross anatomy
Course
The spermatic cord arises at the deep inguinal ring, passes through the inguinal canal and exits at the superficial in...
Article
Renal fascia
The renal fascia is a dense, elastic connective tissue sheath that envelops each kidney and adrenal gland together with a layer of surrounding perirenal fat forming the perirenal space.
It is a multi-laminated structure which is fused posteromedially with the muscular fasciae of the psoas and q...
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