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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Sagittal vertical axis

Sagittal vertical axis/alignment (SVA) is one of the simplest and most widely used methods to assess sagittal balance 1-3. Measurement This measurement is performed on lateral standing full-length spine x-rays. A plumb line is drawn vertically from the middle of the C7 vertebral body 1,2 or th...

EULAR-OMERACT ultrasound scoring system for synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

The EULAR-OMERACT ultrasound scoring system for synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a standardized method for assessing synovial inflammation using ultrasound imaging. This scoring system was developed collaboratively by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the Outcome Measu...

Patellophyseal index

The patellophyseal (PP) index is an alternative technique to measure the patellar height on both x-ray and MRI as the physeal line can be seen on both imaging modalities 1. Usage The PP index is a variation on the patellotrochlear index that can be used on radiographs. It is an indirect measur...

Sternoclavicular joint (ultrasound)

Ultrasound of the sternoclavicular (SC) joint can have a role along with CT and MRI in the assessment of related pathology and for intra-articular injection. Indications sternoclavicular joint arthropathy post-trauma, e.g. suspected sternoclavicular joint dislocation Normal ultrasound anatom...

MRI in patients with pacemaker systems

MRI in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) has increasingly become a requirement in radiological departments 1-8. Especially in the setting of patients with MR conditional pacemaker systems, where all the manufacturer's instructions are followed and a standardized institu...

Radioscaphoid angle

The radioscaphoid angle is a useful measurement in the evaluation of carpal stability. Measurement The radioscaphoid angle is the angle between a line tangent to the volar aspect of the scaphoid and a line drawn through the center of the distal radius (2-5 cm proximal to the radiocarpal joint)...

Tibial tuberosity to posterior cruciate ligament distance (TT-PCL distance)

The tibial tuberosity to posterior cruciate ligament (TT-PCL) distance is an alternative measure to the TT-TG distance for determining tibial tuberosity lateralization, which has a role in patellofemoral instability, without the effect of femoral rotation 1. Usage TT-PCL and TT-TG have simila...

Aortofemoral bypass

Aortofemoral bypass surgery is a type of vascular surgery that is performed to treat aortoiliac occlusive diseases, commonly known as Leriche syndrome, by inserting an artificial tube (graft) from the end of the body's main artery (aorta) to the artery that supply blood to the legs (femoral arte...

Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation

Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation is a scoliosis restorative method employed since 1983. Principally this procedure is used in any situation requiring posterior spinal instrumentation with rigid fixation like fractures and retrolisthesis. Contrary to Harrington rods, this procedure is much better...

Fetal urinary bladder

The fetal urinary bladder, also known as the bladder bubble, is visible as an anechoic cyst on ultrasound in most fetuses from 12-13 weeks of gestation 1. The size of the bladder is denoted by measuring the longitudinal bladder diameter from superiorly to inferiorly in the sagittal plane. Age-r...

Taphonomy

Taphonomy is the study of death, decay and fossilization. A subdiscipline of paleontology essentially examining the train of events and processes of fossilization. It includes the study of soft tissue decay/degradation, skeletal separation and chemical changes post burial. Whilst encompassing ...

Mitral leaflet separation index

The mitral leaflet separation (MLS) index is a semi-quantitative and complementary approach for assessing the degree of mitral stenosis by using two-dimensional echocardiography. It strongly correlates with the mitral valve area using planimetry and pressure half-time techniques 1-3. Measuremen...

Mass effect

Mass effect is a general concept in pathology and radiology. Whilst it is most commonly encountered in the intracranial setting 1, it is certainly not restricted to the CNS. It can be used to describe any lesion in the body if it exerts displacement of adjacent structures, for example a musculos...

Canal-to-body ratio of Torg and Pavlov

The canal-to-body ratio of Torg and Pavlov is a method of evaluating the degree of cervical canal stenosis on lateral cervical spine radiographs. Terminology This ratio is variously referred to as the Torg ratio 3, the Pavlov ratio 3,4, the Torg-Pavlov ratio 5, or the canal-to-body ratio 3. M...

Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system

Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system for bladder cancer is of historic interest only and has been superseded by the TNM staging system. stage 0: epithelial stage A: submucosal invasion but no involvement of muscle i.e. lamina propria stage B: bladder wall or muscle invasion B1: superf...

Posterior tibial slope

Posterior tibial slope (PTS) is the slope of the tibial plateau from anterior to posterior relative to the longitudinal axis of the tibia. Usage Posterior tibial slope can affect knee range of motion, flexion gap, knee joint stability, ACL ligament stability and posterior femoral rollback 1,2....

Dilation vs dilatation

Dilation and dilatation are commonly used in radiology, and medicine more generally. Both terms refer to the expansion of a 'hollow' anatomical or pathological structure, including vessels, cardiac chambers, cerebral ventricles, urinary tract, cysts, and also prostheses, e.g. stents and angiopla...

Bronchiectasis Radiologically Indexed CT Score

The Bronchiectasis Radiologically Indexed CT Score (BRICS) is a severity assessment score for bronchiectasis, developed from a cohort of patients with idiopathic and postinfectious bronchiectasis, and was developed by combining the parameters of bronchial dilatation and number of bronchopulmonar...

Acceleration index

Acceleration index is an indirect sonographic sign to assess renal artery stenosis 1. Usage Acceleration index is used in the Doppler assessment of the renal arteries when assessing for renal artery stenosis. Measurement Acceleration index is calculated by subtracting the initial systolic ve...

Spinal cord tuberculoma

Spinal cord tuberculomas are rare compared to intracranial tuberculomas and can be challenging to diagnose particularly in individuals who are not from endemic areas. Epidemiology Only 0.2% of central nervous system tuberculosis shows evidence of spinal cord involvement, and among tuberculosi...

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