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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Radiographic evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Radiographic evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction involves: femoral component a line is drawn along the posterior cortex of the femur a second line is drawn along the roof of the intercondylar notch of the femur (Blumensaat line) the point of intersection of these tw...

Long head of biceps brachii tendon sheath injection (technique)

Long head of biceps brachii (LHB) tendon sheath injections under ultrasound guidance ensure accurate delivery of injectate, which is important as these injections are often performed for diagnostic purposes. Indications pain diagnostic injection alternative access to the glenohumeral join...

Sagittal vertical axis

Sagittal vertical axis/alignment (SVA) is one of the simplest and most widely used methods to assess sagittal balance 1-3. Measurement This measurement is performed on lateral standing full-length spine x-rays. A plumb line is drawn vertically from the middle of the C7 vertebral body 1,2 or th...

Red and yellow flags for guiding imaging of lower back pain

Lower back pain (also known as lumbago) is very common and is often referred for imaging. However, the vast majority of cases are due to benign self-limiting causes which do not require imaging and resolve with conservative measures. Numerous authors have described various methods for supporting...

Lateral trochlear inclination

Lateral trochlear inclination (LTI) is the inclination angle between the femoral trochlea and a posterior condylar tangential line 1. Usage The lateral trochlear inclination angle is used in the assessment of trochlear dysplasia, a dysplastic deformity of the distal femur, which is a known ris...

Alpha angle (cam morphology)

The alpha angle is a radiological measurement proposed for the detection of cam morphology, which is sometimes associated with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Terminology The term alpha angle is also used in a separate and unrelated context in the evaluation of developmental dysplasia of ...

Ulcer (soft tissue)

The term ulcer refers to a break in the skin, epithelium, or mucous membrane resulting in discontinuity of the surface tissues, necrosis, and often pus formation 1. Risk factors immunocompromise (e.g. diabetes mellitus) 1 poor perfusion (e.g. peripheral vascular disease) 1,2 immobile patient...

Quadratus femoris injection (technique)

Quadratus femoris injections under image guidance ensure precise delivery of an injectate into the quadratus femoris muscle and ensure the sciatic nerve is avoided during the procedure. CT and ultrasound can be used, with ultrasound becoming more challenging in those with larger body habitus. ...

McMurray test

The McMurray test is used to assess the presence of meniscal tears within the knee. Background Clinical tests used for the detection of meniscal tears provide varying levels of diagnostic parameters including sensitivity and specificity. MRI is considered the most accurate diagnostic tool for ...

Polydactyly

Polydactyly (less commonly called hyperdactyly) refers to the situation where there are more than the usual number of digits (five) in a hand or foot. It can be broadly classified as: preaxial polydactyly: extra digit(s) towards the thumb/hallux (radially) postaxial polydactyly: extra digit(s)...

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasties (RTSA) or replacements (RTSR) are a variant on the standard total shoulder replacement (TSR). It is often the preferred method when there has been advanced damage to the rotator cuff as seen in rotator cuff tear arthropathy. Prosthetic components Humeral c...

Gilula three carpal arcs

Gilula three carpal arcs are used in the assessment of the normal alignment of the carpus on PA wrist radiographs: first arc: is a smooth curve outlining the proximal convexities of the scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum second arc: traces the distal concave surfaces of the same bones third arc:...

MRI of the shoulder (an approach)

MRI of the shoulder is one of the more frequent examinations faced in daily radiological practice. This approach is an example of how to create a radiological report of an MRI shoulder with coverage of the most common anatomical sites of possible pathology. Systematic review A systematic revie...

EULAR-OMERACT ultrasound scoring system for synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

The EULAR-OMERACT ultrasound scoring system for synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a standardized method for assessing synovial inflammation using ultrasound imaging. This scoring system was developed collaboratively by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the Outcome Measu...

Gunshot injuries

Gunshot injuries are a type of penetrating trauma that often require imaging assessment, and this evaluation has both clinical relevance (assessment of organ damage, surgical planning, and prognostication), and often also forensic implications. Epidemiology Incidence of gunshot injuries to the...

Cobb angle

The Cobb angle is the most widely used measurement to quantify the magnitude of spinal deformities, especially scoliosis, on plain radiographs. Scoliosis is a lateral spinal curvature with a Cobb angle of >10° 4. The Cobb angle technique can also assess the degree of kyphosis or lordosis in the ...

Patellophyseal index

The patellophyseal (PP) index is an alternative technique to measure the patellar height on both x-ray and MRI as the physeal line can be seen on both imaging modalities 1. Usage The PP index is a variation on the patellotrochlear index that can be used on radiographs. It is an indirect measur...

Sternoclavicular joint (ultrasound)

Ultrasound of the sternoclavicular (SC) joint can have a role along with CT and MRI in the assessment of related pathology and for intra-articular injection. Indications sternoclavicular joint arthropathy post-trauma, e.g. suspected sternoclavicular joint dislocation Normal ultrasound anatom...

Metaphyseal diaphyseal angle

The metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle (of Drennan) is an important measurement used to distinguish between tibia vara (Blount disease) and physiological bowleg. Measurement This angle is measured by drawing a line along the long axis of the tibia, creating a perpendicular to this line, and drawing...

Pelvic radiograph (an approach)

Pelvic radiographs are a mainstay radiographic examination in trauma imaging. The standard radiographic exam is an AP pelvis, however more specialized projections can be requested to answer specific clinical questions. For a list of the specialized views see the pelvis series article. Systemati...

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