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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Frykman classification of distal radial fractures

The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal u...

Occipital condyle fracture

Occipital condylar fractures are uncommon injuries usually resulting from high-energy blunt trauma. They are considered a specific type of basilar skull fracture, and importantly can be seen along with craniocervical dissociation. Treatment of isolated injury is generally conservative, unless t...

Winquist and Hansen classification of femoral shaft fractures

The Winquist and Hansen classification of femoral shaft fractures is based on fracture comminution and stability. Usage The Winquist system is commonly used along with the AO/OTA classification of femoral diaphyseal fractures 4. This classification was originally used to assist (along with ot...

AO/OTA classification of proximal tibial fractures

The AO/OTA classification is one of the most frequently used systems for classifying proximal tibial fractures or proximal tibial end segment fractures. Like other fractures, they are divided into three groups subject to the severity and complexity of the respective injury 1: type A: extraartic...

AAST kidney injury scale

The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) renal injury scale, updated in 2018, is the most widely used grading system for renal trauma. The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral injury. Cla...

Neer classification of proximal humeral fractures

The Neer classification of proximal humeral fractures is probably the most frequently used system along with the AO classification of proximal humeral fractures. The terminology and factors which influence the classification are essential for the utility of radiology reports of proximal humeral ...

McAfee classification of thoracolumbar spinal fractures

McAfee classification of acute traumatic spinal injuries is one of a number of thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems and is based on the three-column concept of the spine (of Denis). It requires CT for an accurate assessment. Usage Unlike the more common formal and widely used c...

Genant classification of vertebral fractures

The Genant classification of vertebral fractures is based on the vertebral shape, with respect to vertebral height loss involving the anterior, posterior, and/or middle vertebral body as seen on lateral radiographs of the thoracic or lumbar spine 1. Usage The Genant classification has been use...

Facial fractures

Facial fractures are commonly caused by blunt or penetrating trauma at moderate or high levels of force. Such injuries may be sustained during a fall, physical assault, motor vehicle collision, or gunshot wound. The facial bones are thin and relatively fragile, making them susceptible to injury....

AAST spleen injury scale

The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) splenic injury scale, revised in 2018, is the most widely used grading system for splenic trauma. The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral injury 4...

Keifhaber-Stern classification of volar plate avulsion injuries

The Keifhaber-Stern classification can be used to classify volar plate avulsion injuries of the fingers. Usage Along with the Eaton classification, this classification is considered (c. 2016) one of the most useful for the management of volar plate avulsion injuries 2. For Keifhaber-Stern cl...

Eaton classification of volar plate avulsion injury

The Eaton classification can be used to classify volar plate avulsion injuries of the fingers. Usage Along with the Keifhaber-Stern classification, this classification is considered (c. 2016) one of the most useful classifications for the management of volar plate avulsion injuries 2. Knowle...

Lateral humeral condyle fracture

Lateral humeral condyle fractures also referred to simply as lateral condyle fractures (in the appropriate context), are relatively common elbow fractures that predominantly occur in children. They may be subtle but are hugely important to diagnose promptly because if they are missed, they tend ...

Diffuse axonal injury (grading)

Grading of diffuse axonal injury due to trauma is described according to the anatomic distribution of injury. Contrary to the implication of the word "diffuse," diffuse axonal injury has a topological predilection for focal involvement of certain sites in the brain. These sites, in turn, vary in...

Bowel and mesenteric trauma injury grading

A number of bowel and mesenteric injury grading systems have been proposed and validated for trauma to the bowel and/or mesentery based on CT and clinical parameters. Classifications RAPTOR 1 The RAdiographic Predictors of Therapeutic intervention score predicts the need for early therapeutic...

Modified Memphis criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury

The modified Memphis criteria are a set of screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) in trauma. The presence of one or more of these criteria makes necessary a complementary CTA or DSA study to exclude a BCVI. The screening protocol criteria for BCVI are: base of skull fractur...

AAST liver injury scale

The AAST (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma) liver injury scale, revised in 2018, is the most widely used liver injury grading system 3. The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral injury 3. Cla...

Meyers and McKeever classification of ACL avulsion fractures

Meyers and McKeever classification of ACL avulsion fractures is the most frequently employed system to describe ACL avulsion fractures. Classification Under the Meyers and McKeever system (with modifications by Zaricznyj) injuries are classified into four main types: type 1: minimally/nondisp...

Rotterdam CT score of traumatic brain injury

The Rotterdam CT score of traumatic brain injury is a classification aimed at improving prognostic evaluation of patients admitted with moderate or severe traumatic brain injuries. It was published in 2006 1 and is gaining in popularity. Along with the Marshall classification system, at the ti...

Salter-Harris classification

The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and, at the time of writing (January 2023) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures. Classification Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR. type I s...

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