Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
746 results found
Article
Right lower lobe collapse
Right lower lobe (RLL) collapse has distinctive features, and is usually relatively easily identified. The smaller overlying heart shadow obscures less lung compared with left lower lobe collapse.
Findings of lower lobe collapse can be grouped together as they are almost identical on both side...
Article
Superscan
A superscan is an imaging appearance on a Tc-99m diphosphonate bone scan which occurs as a result of a high ratio of bone to soft tissue tracer accumulation. Intense osteoblastic activity in the bones causes diminished renal and background soft tissue uptake.
Pathology
Etiology
This appearanc...
Article
Bent bone dysplasias (differential)
Bent bone dysplasias are a class of skeletal dysplasia included in a 2010 classification of genetic skeletal disorders 1:
campomelic dysplasia
Stuve-Weidemann dysplasia
kyphomelic dysplasias, a diverse class, including
congenital bowing of the long bones
cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH; meta...
Article
Rib notching
Rib notching refers to deformation of the superior or inferior surface of the rib. It can affect a single rib (from trauma or solitary masses e.g. schwannoma) or can affect multiple ribs.
Differential diagnosis
The differentials differ according to whether it is the superior or inferior surfac...
Article
Bronchial stenosis
Bronchial stenosis, or bronchial strictures, are descriptive terms to denote regions of focal narrowing involving the bronchi. They can arise from a wide variety of etiologies.
Pathology
Etiology
It can arise from a large range of etiological factors, which include:
tracheobronchial malignan...
Article
Intraconal orbital lesions
Intraconal orbital lesions are broadly divided into two main groups; those with or without involvement of the optic nerves.
Lesions with optic nerve involvement:
optic nerve glioma
optic nerve meningioma
optic neuritis
pseudotumor
lymphoma and leukemia
intracranial hypertension
retinobla...
Article
Echogenic renal pyramids (differential)
Echogenic renal pyramids in children can be due to many different causes.
Differential diagnosis
Nephrocalcinosis
Iatrogenic (most common cause)
furosemide (frusemide)
vitamin D
steroids
Non-iatrogenic
idiopathic hypercalcemia
Williams syndrome
hyperparathyroidism
m...
Article
Medical devices in the thorax
Medical devices in the thorax are regularly observed by radiologists when reviewing radiographs and CT scans.
Extrathoracic devices
tubing, clamps, syringes, scissors, lying on or under the patient
rubber sheets, foam mattresses, clothing, hair braids, nipple piercings, etc., may also be visi...
Article
Endometrial microcalcifications
Endometrial microcalcifications can arise from a vast range pathologies but are usually of benign in etiology. They can also occur in the endocervical region (see - endocervical microcalcifications 1)
Epidemiology
They have an increased incidence with older age, postmenopausal state, atrophic ...
Article
Leave alone lesions - skull base
Leave alone lesions of the skull base refers to incidental findings that do not require treatment nor follow-up.
This article includes findings from brain CT, HRCT of the temporal bone, and MRI studies.
Do not touch:
arrested pneumatization of the skull base - sphenoid benign fatty lesion 1
...
Article
Delayed bone age
A generalized retardation in skeletal maturation has different causative or etiological factors, these can be classified as follows:
chronic ill health
congenital heart disease (especially cyanotic)
chronic renal disease
inflammatory bowel disease
malnutrition: failure to thrive (FTT)
rick...
Article
Leave alone lesions - breast
Breast leave alone lesions are so characteristic on mammography that further diagnostic tests such as a biopsy are unnecessary. All of these lesions are entirely benign and known as BI-RADS 2 findings:
lipoma: fat density; well-defined rounded lesion
oil cyst: fat density; well-defined lesion;...
Article
Gallbladder folds
Gallbladder folds arise due to the gallbladder wall folding onto itself. They are thick, junctional in nature and incomplete or non-continuous in appearance.
The posterior wall is usually involved, however, anterior wall folds may also occur 1. The folding may produce a bizarre or unusual shap...
Article
Pancreatic calcifications
Pancreatic calcifications can arise from many etiologies.
Punctate intraductal calcifications
chronic pancreatitis
alcoholic pancreatitis (20-40%) 2
intraductal, numerous, small, irregular
preponderant cause of diffuse pancreatic intraductal calcification
gallstone pancreatitis (2%) 2
m...
Article
Bilateral middle cerebellar peduncle lesions
Bilateral lesions of the middle cerebellar peduncles, resulting in the middle cerebellar peduncle sign, are uncommon and can be seen either in isolation (rare) or along with other regions of involvement.
Despite their relative rarity, they have a fairly long list of potential causes (see below)...
Article
Synovial enhancement
Synovial enhancement is an imaging feature typically observed on MRI imaging. It can occur in various forms and can be focal or diffuse.
Pathology
inflammatory
synovitis
transient synovitis of the hip
infective synovitis
inflammatory arthritides
septic arthritis
tuberculous septic arthri...
Article
Diffuse T1 bone marrow signal loss
Diffuse T1 vertebral bone marrow signal loss is associated with replacement of fatty marrow by edema or cellular tissue.
Radiographic features
MRI
T1-weighted imaging without fat suppression is one of the most important sequences for distinguishing between normal and abnormal bone marrow. Ab...
Article
Diffuse small bowel disease
Diffuse small bowel disease may be caused by a number of conditions may be generalized multisystem disorders or conditions that effect the bowel in a global fashion:
sprue
scleroderma
Whipple's disease
amyloidosis
hypoproteinemia
giardiasis
intramural hemorrhage
radiation enteritis
smal...
Article
Mandibular lesions
Mandibular lesions are myriad and common. The presence of teeth results in lesions that are specific to the mandible (and maxilla) and a useful classification that defines them as odontogenic or non-odontogenic. While it may often not be possible to make a diagnosis on imaging alone, this classi...
Article
Right paratracheal lymphadenopathy
Right paratracheal lymphadenopathy represents pathological involvement of any of the lymph nodes in the right upper (2R) and/or lower (4R) paratracheal nodal groups 1. These nodes are often also enlarged but this is not always the case.
The commonest causes are sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and lun...
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