Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
311 results found
Article
Brachial plexus root subdivisions (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for brachial plexus root subdivisions include:
Rad Techs Drink Cold Beer
Robbie T Drinks Cold Beer
Rugby Teams Drink Cold Beers
Reach To Drink Cold Beer
Read That Damn Cadaver Book
Really Tired, Don't Care Now (nerve instead of branch)
Red Toucans Don't Come Back
Mnemonic
Whe...
Article
ASCOD classification (ischemic stroke)
The ASCOD classification system 1, published in 2013, aims to define phenotypes of ischemic strokes for individual patients by assigning a degree of probability to each of the most common causes of this pathology.
It serves most strictly as a research tool but is also useful clinically as a mne...
Article
1-2-3 rule (ovary)
The 1-2-3 rule is a simple aide-mémoire describing the nomenclature of any small simple anechoic cystic appearing structure within an ovary on ultrasound:
<1 cm = follicle
1-2 cm = dominant follicle
>3 cm = cyst
Article
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (grading mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the radiological grading of germinal matrix hemorrhage is:
CV2P
Mnemonic
It can be read as a central venous line
C: limited to the caudothalamic groove/ germinal matrix ( grade I )
V: expansion into ventricles less than 50% ( grade II )
V: dilated ventricles ( grade...
Article
Unilateral hypertransradiant hemithorax (mnemonic)
Unilateral hypertransradiancy is the correct term for the chest radiograph appearance of increased blackness affecting one lung. Hyperlucency is a commonly used alternative but is inaccurate; the chest is not penetrated by light!
A logical approach begins by checking for:
technical factors
pa...
Article
Causes of cone-shaped epiphysis (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic for remembering the causes of cone-shaped epiphysis is:
ABCDE MOST
Mnemonic
A: achondroplasia, acrodysostosis
B: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
C: chondroplasia punctata, Cockayne syndrome, conorenal syndrome, cleidocranial dysplasia, cartilage-hair hypoplasia
D: dactylitis,...
Article
Conditions with upper lobe predominance (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics to remember conditions with upper lobe predominance in chest radiology are:
STEP
BREASTS
Mnemonics
STEP
S: sarcoidosis, silicosis
T: tuberculosis
E: eosinophilic pneumonia
P: pneumoconiosis
BREASTS
B: berylliosis
R: radiation fibrosis
E: extrinsic allergic alveolitis...
Article
Lucent/lytic bone lesion - differential diagnosis (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for the differential diagnosis of lucent/lytic bone lesions include:
FEGNOMASHIC
FOG MACHINES
They are anagrams of each other and therefore include the same components. They are by no means exhaustive lists, but are a good start for remembering a differential for a lucent/lytic bone...
Article
Erlenmeyer flask deformity (mnemonic)
Some of the causes of an Erlenmeyer flask deformity can be recalled with the following mnemonics:
LORA CHONG
AP OF DR GHLN
CHONG
Lead GNOME
APC(de)FGH
Mnemonics
LORA CHONG
L: leukemia, lead poisoning
O: osteopetrosis, osteochondromatosis
R: rheumatoid arthritis, rickets
A: achondropla...
Article
Lumbar plexus (mnemonic)
Handy mnemonics to recall the branches of the lumbar plexus are:
Indecent Ian Gets Laid On Fridays Luckily
Itchy Igor Gets Laid On Fridays Luckily
(ItcHy - iliohypogastric, IGor - ilioinguinal)
I (twice) Get Laid On Fridays
I (twice) Get Leftovers On Fridays
IIGLO For aLl
IIGLO is used i...
Article
Chiari II malformation
Chiari II malformations are relatively common congenital malformations of the spine and posterior fossa characterized by myelomeningocele (lumbosacral spina bifida aperta) and a small posterior fossa with descent of the brainstem, cerebellar tonsils, and vermis through the foramen magnum. Numero...
Article
Hemorrhagic intracranial metastases (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for primary malignancies responsible for hemorrhagic intracranial metastases is:
MR CT BB
MR CT HBO
Mnemonic
MR CT BB
M: melanoma
R: renal cell carcinoma
C: choriocarcinoma
T: thyroid carcinoma, teratoma
B: bronchogenic carcinoma
B: breast carcinoma
MR CT HBO
M: melanoma
...
Article
Toxic leukoencephalopathy (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the more common causes of toxic leukoencephalopathy is:
CHOICES 1
Mnemonic
C: chemotherapy (e.g. methotrexate)
H: heroin
O: other opioids
I: immunosuppressant drugs or imidazole
C: cocaine
E: ethanol or environmental (e.g. carbon monoxide)
S: splenial lesions (re...
Article
Hair on end sign (mnemonic)
The hair on end sign refers to a radiographic appearance of the diploic space of the skull vault which results from a thickening of trabeculae as the diploic space expands. These trabeculae are perpendicular in orientation, interspersed by radiolucent marrow hyperplasia along with skull vault.
...
Article
APPEND score
The APPEND score is a clinical decision rule and predictor of the likelihood of acute appendicitis.
Criteria
Each of the following is worth 1 point 1:
male gender
anorexia
migratory pain
localized peritonism
elevated CRP >15 mg/L
neutrophilia >7.5x109/L
APPEND refers to the mnemonic:
A...
Article
External jugular vein tributaries (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember external jugular vein (formed by the posterior division of the retromandibular and posterior auricular veins) tributaries is:
PAST
Mnemonic
P: posterior external jugular vein
A: anterior jugular vein
S: suprascapular vein
T: transverse cervical vein
Article
Systemic lupus erythematosus (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus is:
MD SOAP BRAIN
Mnemonic
M: malar "butterfly" rash
D: discoid rash
S: serositis
O: oral ulcers
A: ANA positive
P: photosensitivity, pleuritis/pericarditis
B: blood (hematologic) abnormality
R: renal disease ...
Article
Pituitary region mass (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics for remembering the differentials for pituitary region masses (in addition to macroadenoma) are:
SATCHMO/STOMACH 1,2
MOuSTACHE
SOME ACTH HORMONE
Mnemonics
SATCHMO/STOMACH
S: sarcoid
A: aneurysm
T: teratoma or tuberculosis (and other granulomatous diseases)
C: cranioph...
Article
Surgical sieve (mnemonic)
A surgical sieve is an approach to differential diagnosis that prompts the user to consider various types of pathologies systematically. A surgical sieve does not need to be a mnemonic 2, although many find it easier to remember it when a mnemonic is used. Various versions of this mnemonic exist...
Article
Drop metastases (mnemonic)
The primary intracerebral malignancies that may cause drop metastases to the subarachnoid space are:
glioblastoma (GBM) and anaplastic astrocytoma
medulloblastoma
sPNET
ependymoma
germinoma
choroid plexus carcinoma
pineoblastoma/pineocytoma
These can be remembered using this mnemonic:
G...
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