Articles
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58 results found
Article
Microcephaly with a simplified gyral pattern
Microcephaly with a simplified gyral pattern (MSG) is a congenital malformation characterized by microcephaly accompanied by a simplified gyral pattern. The term “simplified gyral pattern” often describes a reduced number of gyri and shallow sulci with a normal cortical thickness and architectur...
Article
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is an enzyme located within the cytoplasm, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Mutations of the IDH genes are important in a variety of diseases. They form the basis of the classification of diffuse adult-type gliomas in the WHO classification of brain tumors 7 with emer...
Article
Cortical laminar necrosis
Cortical laminar necrosis, also known as pseudolaminar necrosis, is necrosis of cortical neurons in situations when the supply of oxygen and glucose is inadequate to meet regional demands. This is often encountered in cardiac arrest, global hypoxia and hypoglycemia.
It should not be confused wi...
Article
Klebsiella
Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, which is relatively commonly encountered in the healthcare environment. It has numerous species, including K. pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, and K. rhinoscleromatis 1. Klebsiella may cause a range of infections, most commo...
Article
Psammoma bodies
Psammoma bodies are round microscopic calcific collections. It is a form of dystrophic calcification. Necrotic cells form the focus for surrounding calcific deposition. They have a lamellated concentric calcified structure, sometimes large enough to be seen on CT.
Psammoma bodies are found in ...
Article
Lipoma
Lipomas are benign tumors composed of mature adipocytes. They are the most common soft tissue tumor, seen in ~2% of the population.
Epidemiology
Patients typically present in adulthood (5th-7th decades).
Associations
In some cases, multiple lipomas are associated with syndromes and other di...
Article
Gliosis
Gliosis is a reactive process occurring after some time following most types of central nervous system injuries and is the result of focal proliferation of glial cells, particularly astrocytes.
Terminology
Although the terms astrocytic gliosis or astrocytosis are often used interchangeably wi...
Article
Myo-inositol peak
Myo-inositol is one of the compounds images with MR spectroscopy (MRS) at both 1.5 T and 3 T and is seen to resonate at 3.5 ppm chemical shift (right of the choline peak).
Myo-inositol is a precursor of both phosphatidylinositol (the major inositol-containing phospholipid) and phosphatidylinos...
Article
Neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN)
Neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) is a protein expressed in mature (post-mitotic) neurons and is commonly used as an immunohistochemical target to identify neuronal differentiation (e.g. in ganglioglioma and gangliocytomas).
It is primarily expressed in the nuclei of neurons with less pronounced...
Article
Hartnup disease
Hartnup disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the defective transport of neutral amino acids (monoamino-monocarboxylic acids) in the small intestine and kidneys.
Clinical presentation
pellagra-like skin eruptions
cerebellar ataxia
signs of spastic paraplegia with peripheral ne...
Article
John Cunningham virus
John Cunningham virus, also known as human polyomavirus 2, universally known as the JC virus, is a ubiquitous double-stranded DNA virus of the polyomaviridae family 1. In immunocompromised individuals, reactivation can lead to a variety of disease of the central nervous system, the most common o...
Article
Verocay bodies
Verocay bodies are a histological feature of schwannomas and represent a particular growth pattern of Antoni type A pattern. A Verocay body is composed of two parallel rows of nuclear palisades separated by an anuclear zone 1.
History and etymology
Verocay bodies are named after Jose Juan Ver...
Article
1p19q codeletion
1p19q codeletion stands for the combined loss of the short arm chromosome 1 (i.e. 1p) and the long arm of chromosome 19 (i.e. 19q) and is recognized as a genetic marker predictive of therapeutic response to both chemotherapy and combined chemoradiotherapy and overall longer survival in patients ...
Article
Alpha-thalassemia intellectual disability syndrome X-linked (ATRX) gene (tumor marker)
Alpha-thalassemia intellectual disability syndrome X-linked (ATRX) gene is an important genomic marker of gliomas and is either intact (ATRX-wildtype) or mutated (ATRX-mutant) and is correlated with other important genomic markers including IDH, 1p19q codeletion, and p53 expression 1,2.
ATRX a...
Article
2-hydroxyglutarate
2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) is a metabolite that accumulates in the brains of patients with IDH1 mutated (IDH1 positive) brain tumors, particularly diffuse low-grade gliomas. Although not in widespread clinical use, it is likely that 2-hydroxyglutarate, which resonates at 2.25 ppm, will be able to ...
Article
Alzheimer type I glia
Alzheimer type I glia are a type of glial cell. They are large multinucleated astrocytes encountered in glial tumors and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) 1.
Article
Alzheimer type II glia
Alzheimer type II glia are a type of glial cell. They are a pathological reactive astrocyte seen in the brain, unrelated to Alzheimer disease. They are seen most frequently in Wilson disease, but also in other systemic metabolic disorders, particularly those with elevated ammonia levels, typical...
Article
Pseudocyst
A pseudocyst is an abnormal fluid-filled cavity which is not lined by epithelium. It is this fact that distinguishes it pathologically from a cyst, which is lined by epithelium.
Examples of pseudocysts include:
adrenal pseudocyst
auricular pseudocyst
intraspinal epidural gas pseudocysts
me...
Article
Astrocytes
Astrocytes are cells of the central nervous system which act as both physical and physiological support for the neurons that are embedded between them, regulating water movement, facilitating metabolic exchange between neurons and capillaries, as well as responding to mechanical and biochemical ...
Article
Intracranial aneurysm (overview)
Intracranial aneurysms, also called cerebral aneurysms, are aneurysms of the intracranial arteries. The most common morphologic type is the saccular aneurysm.
Pathology
There is not a universal classification for the types of intracranial aneurysms, resulting in a heterogeneous mix of terms ba...
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