Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
496 results found
Article
Babygram
Babygram is a radiograph that captures the newborn's entire body, including limbs.
Some authors refer to chest and abdominal radiograph of the baby as "thoracoabdominal babygram" 4.
Indications
Babygram is done in post-mortem studies of the stillborn foetus or after the termination of pregnan...
Article
Limb deficiency
Limb deficiencies or limb reduction defects are a spectrum of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by the absence or severe hypoplasia of a limb or part of a limb 1,2.
Terminology
Currently (c. 2024) the preferred terminology for limb deficiencies is based on the anatomic classification. Te...
Article
Lateral decubitus
The lateral decubitus position is a fundamental patient orientation employed in medical imaging. The patient lies on their side, either left or right, with the body's longitudinal axis perpendicular to the imaging table.
Terminology
By convention the side that is down in contact with the table...
Article
Renal halo sign
The renal halo sign has been described in both acute pancreatitis 1,2 and in renal tumors post radiofrequency ablation 3.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
On abdominal x-rays, the lateral margin of the kidney becomes visible due to differential x-ray absorption of perirenal fat and pan...
Article
Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter
Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSL) are passive radiation detection devices used for personal dose monitoring.
Unlike thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD). OSL does not need heating for the reading of radiation dose. OSL dosimeters can be read multiple times and stored for several ye...
Article
Pediatric femur (lateral view)
The lateral femur view for pediatrics is part of a standard series examining the femur in its entirety, including the hip and knee joint.
Indications
This view demonstrates the femur in an orthogonal position to the AP view. This allows assessment of suspected dislocations, fractures, localizi...
Article
Pediatric femur (AP view)
The anteroposterior femur view for pediatrics is part of a standard series examining the femur in its entirety, including the hip and knee joints.
Indications
This view demonstrates the pediatric femur in its natural anatomical position allowing for assessment of suspected dislocations, fractu...
Article
Femur series (pediatric)
The femur series for pediatrics is comprised of an anteroposterior (AP), and lateral radiograph. The series is utilized to assess for abnormalities pertaining to the shaft of the femur (often requested when fringe abnormality is seen on hip or knee radiographs). It is not an effective series to ...
Article
Pediatric knee (AP view)
The anteroposterior knee view for pediatrics is one of two views in order to examine the knee joint, patella, distal femur and proximal tibia and fibula. Depending on the child's age and the departmental protocol, additional views such as the skyline and intercondyler views may also be performed...
Article
Film processing
Film processing is a procedure whereby a latent image on a film is processed to become a visible radiograph. It consists of four major steps namely: development, fixing, washing, and drying.
Process
Development
Developer solution (e.g. hydroquinone or phenidone) is used to reduce more silver ...
Article
Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan
Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan, also known by the trade name Zevalin (Acrotech Biopharma LLC, USA), is a theranostic radiopharmaceutical approved for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory low grade or follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). More specifically, it is a radioimmunot...
Article
Notch width index
The notch width index (NWI) is a measurement that has been proposed as a possible indicator of the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injuries 5.
Measurement
The NWI is assessed on the tunnel view radiograph of the knee as the ratio between the width of the intercondylar notch and the width of...
Article
Radium-223 dichloride
Radium-223 dichloride, trade name Xofigo, is a radiopharmaceutical approved for the treatment of patients with symptomatic bone metastases and no visceral disease from prostate cancer resistant to anti androgen therapy. The molecule mimics calcium and forms a complex with hydroxyapatite at sites...
Article
Knee series (pediatric)
The knee series for pediatrics consists of an anteroposterior and a lateral projection.
Indications
trauma with a suspected fracture
inability to weight-bear
suspected foreign body or bony lesions
Projections
anteroposterior view
lateral view
Gonadal shielding
The u...
Article
Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan
Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan, trade name Pluvicto, also known as 177Lu-PSMA-617, is a theranostic (i.e. both therapeutic and diagnostic) agent approved as a treatment for adult patients with treatment-resistant advanced metastatic prostate cancer. The treatment works by binding to cancer ...
Article
CT gastrointenstinal bleed (protocol)
A CT gastro-intestinal bleed protocol utilizes a multiphasic technique to detect active gastrointestinal bleeding (as well as other potential non-bleeding bowel disease 1.
Note: This article is a general guideline for evaluating CT gastrointestinal bleeds. Protocol factors are variable as they...
Article
Lutetium-177 dotatate
Lutetium-177 dotatate, also known as Lu-177 oxodotreotide and by the trade name Lutathera (Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, USA), is a theranostic agent approved as a second-line agent for the treatment of patients with inoperable and/or metastatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors ...
Article
Brachial artery Doppler assessment for detecting endothelial dysfunction
Brachial artery Doppler assessment for detecting endothelial dysfunction is performed for detecting and classifying endothelial dysfunction by measuring the vascular dilation of the brachial artery, which is highly related to coronary endothelial dysfunction 1,4.
This test is generally indicate...
Article
Iodine-131 iobenguane
Iodine-131 iobenguane, trade name Azedra, sometimes referred to as I-131 MIBG, is a theranostic (i.e. both therapeutic and diagnostic) agent used for the treatment of unresectable pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, carcinoid, and neuroblastomas. It is created using the high specificity Ultratr...
Article
Esophageal foreign bodies
Esophageal foreign bodies are frequently encountered in clinical practice, representing the most common site for ingested foreign bodies or food impaction within the gastrointestinal tract.
This article discusses esophageal foreign bodies; a general view of the theme is available in the main a...
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