Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
33 results found
Article
Digital breast tomosynthesis
Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is an imaging technique that allows a volumetric reconstruction of the whole breast from a finite number of low-dose two-dimensional projections obtained by different X-ray tube angles, with a geometric principle very similar to that applied in stratigraphic te...
Article
Eklund technique
Eklund modified compression technique is a technique which can be used for patients with augmented or reconstructed breasts post mastectomy.
Technique
It consists of posterosuperior displacement of the implants simultaneously to an anterior traction of the breast, pushing the implants towards...
Article
Mammography
Mammography is a dedicated radiographic technique for imaging the breast, and the resultant images are known as mammograms.
Types of mammography
In general terms, there are two types of mammography: screening and diagnostic.
Mammography differs significantly in many respects from the rest of ...
Article
Magnification view (mammography)
A magnification view in mammography is performed to evaluate and count microcalcifications and its extension (as well the assessment of the borders and the tissue structures of a suspicious area or a mass) by using a magnification device which brings the breast away from the film plate and close...
Article
Normal breast imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging of the breast and surrounding structures, divided by region and modality.
Breast
Mammography
MLO and CC (standard mammographic views)
labeled example
unlabelled
example 1 (50 year old)
example 2 (35 year old)
example 3 (dense breasts, 45 year...
Article
Contrast-enhanced mammography
There are 2 types of contrast-enhanced mammography examination – temporal subtraction and dual-energy.
Initial work in the early 2000s used temporal subtraction, but artifacts due to patient movement during prolonged compression limited its diagnostic usefulness. Travieso et al produced a usef...
Article
K-absorption edge
The K-absorption edge (K-edge) refers to the abrupt increase in the photoelectric absorption of x-ray photons observed at an energy level just beyond the binding energy of the k-shell electrons of the absorbing atom.
K-shell binding energies are specific to each element. As the atomic number (Z...
Article
20° oblique projection
20° oblique projection is a troubleshooting projection used in mammography, especially in young women and in follow-up patients.
Technique
The C-arm is turned approximately 20° for a superomedial-inferolateral oblique. With the patient's feet pointing towards the unit and her torso turned slig...
Article
Caudal cranial projection
Caudal cranial projection is an additional trouble shooting view.
Technique
invert the C arm as for a CC projection
step the patient forward and have her bend excessively forward at the waist to ensure that the abdomen does not encroach in the x ray field
place the image receptor abov...
Article
Elevated craniocaudal projection
Elevated craniocaudal projection is an additional trouble shooting view.
Technique
direct beam superiorly to inferiroly
face patient towards unit, feet forward
lean patient inward, relaxing the shoulders
bring inferior aspect of breast onto the image receptor
pull breast outward...
Article
Rolled CC view
Given that the rolled projections can be performed from any standard projection, the most commonly used is certainly the cranio-caudal one.
A rolled CC view It's performed to locate a lesion only visible in the cranio-caudal view, or when overlapped tissues in the standard view can simulate or...
Article
Bullseye view
The bullseye view is designed for better evaluation of lesion located in retroareolar area. In this view, the nipple-areola complex are directed upward or downward on the detector surface to visualize the areolar and periareolar region en face, allowing characterization of lesions in this area.
Article
Tangential views
Tangential views are useful to differentiate intracutaneous radiopaque particles in a tattoo from intraparenchymal microcalcifications.
Mammographic findings close to the skin such as masses, microcalcifications, skin dimpling or shaded areas always pose a problem of differential diagnosis.
Va...
Article
Spot view (mammography)
A spot view (also known as a spot compression view or focal compression view) is an additional mammographic view performed by applying the compression to a smaller area of tissue using a small compression paddle, increasing the effective pressure on that spot. This results in better tissue separ...
Article
Lateral view
The lateral view is an additional view obtained at virtually every diagnostic evaluation. A lateral view may be obtained as a mediolateral view (ML) or lateromedial view (LM) view depending on where the imaging tube and detector are located.
Technique
for an ML view, the tube emitting the x...
Article
Mediolateral oblique view
The mediolateral oblique (MLO) view is one of the two standard mammographic views, alongside the craniocaudal (CC) view.
It is the most important projection as it allows depiction of most breast tissue.
Adequacy
The representation of the pectoral muscle on the MLO view is a key component in...
Article
Mammography views
There are numerous mammography views that can broadly be split into two groups
standard views
supplementary views - additional information or problem solving
Standard views
Standard views are bilateral craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) views, which comprise routine scr...
Article
Inferomedial superolateral oblique projection
Inferomedial superolateral oblique projection is useful for stereotactic biopsy positioning. This projection allows access to the inferior aspect of the breast to achieve shortest skin to abnormality distance. It is also useful in the nonconforming patient.
Technique
Rotate C arm to about 125°...
Article
Reversed CC view
The reversed CC view is an additional view. It is useful for the study of breasts with surgical scars in the lower quadrants. The ability to see the scar through the compressor paddle offers to the mammographer the possibility to flatten it properly, reducing the formation of scar folds as well ...
Article
Cleavage view
A cleavage view (also called "valley view") is a mammogram view that depicts the posteromedial portion of both breasts (the “valley” between the two breasts) by placing them on the cassette at the same time and pulling them anteriorly.
Manual technical factors should be used.
A cleavage view ...
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