Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
105 results found
Article
Akeret staging of neuroepithelial tumors
The Akeret or anatomical staging of neuroepithelial tumors adheres loosely to the general scheme underlying AJCC TNM staging. Like other cancer staging systems, it assists in estimating the individual prognosis, in tailoring patient-specific therapy and surveillance, and in improving the compara...
Article
Anal cancer (staging)
The TNM staging of anal cancer is as follows:
Primary tumor (T)
TX: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ (Bowen disease, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [HSIL], anal intraepithelial neoplasia II-III (AIN II-III)
T1: tumor 2 cm o...
Article
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (staging)
Anaplastic thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid carcinomas are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for st...
Article
Binet staging system for chronic lymphocytic leukemia
The Binet staging system is one of the two staging systems currently adopted in assessment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
It classifies CLL according to the number of lymphoid tissues that are involved (i.e. the spleen and the lymph nodes of the neck, groin, and underarms), as well as t...
Article
Breast cancer (staging)
Breast cancer staging refers to TNM classification of breast carcinomas. The system applies to epithelial malignancies and does not apply to breast sarcomas, phyllodes tumor, or breast lymphomas. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committee on C...
Article
B symptoms
The B symptoms (a.k.a. inflammatory symptoms) are a triad of systemic symptoms associated with more advanced disease and a poorer outcome in lymphoma 1,2:
weight loss
>10% unintentional decrease in body weight in the 6 months preceding the diagnosis
fever: >38°C
night sweats
B symptoms are ...
Article
Cancer staging list
Cancer staging involves a number of systems to help direct treatment and aid prognosis. The AJCC TNM staging schema is the most common, but other systems are used for specific malignancies or body parts.
Breast
breast cancer staging
Chest
lung cancer staging
malignant pleural mesothelioma s...
Article
Catterall classification of Perthes disease
The Catterall classification of Perthes disease is based on radiographic appearances of the epiphysis and metaphysis visible in osteonecrosis of the femoral head:
stage I
bone absorption changes visible in the anterior aspect of the epiphysis of femoral head
changes are visible best in frog l...
Article
Cervical cancer (staging)
Staging of cervical cancer can either be based on the TNM or FIGO system.
Classification
Revised FIGO staging of cervical carcinoma (2018)
FIGO no longer includes stage 0 (Tis)
I: confined to cervix uteri (extension to the corpus should be disregarded)
IA: invasive carcinoma only diagnosed ...
Article
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (staging)
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (also known as cervical dysplasia) is the potentailly premalignant stage in the dysplastic changes in the squamous epithelium of the cervix.
Grading of CIN is based on the degree of dysplasia seen in a sample of cervical tissue:
CIN I
similar to condy...
Article
Cervical lymph node (staging)
Cervical lymph node staging refers to evaluating regional nodal metastasis from primary cancer of the head and neck. The following article reflects the 8th edition of the TNM staging system published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for staging starting January 1, 2018 1,...
Article
Chandler classification of orbital infections
Chandler classification is the most commonly used system for dividing the different types of orbital cellulitis. The system describes five stages 1,2:
stage I: preseptal orbital cellulitis with inflammation and edema anterior to the orbital septum.
stage II: orbital cellulitis with extension o...
Article
Choi response criteria
The solitary use of the size of the tumor during evaluation for response to chemotherapy has some pitfalls and limitations, especially for specific tumors such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).
The Choi response criteria for GIST proposed that tumor attenuation could provide an addition...
Article
Cholangiocarcinoma (staging)
Cholangiocarcinoma staging is most commonly classified using the TNM staging systems of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), which starting 1 January 2018 is according to its 8th edition. There are separate systems depending on whether the ...
Article
Choriocarcinoma (staging)
The staging system for choriocarcinoma (usually refers to uterine choriocarcinoma) is the FIGO staging system and is as follows 1:
stage I: disease limited to the uterus
stage II: disease out of the uterus but limited to the female genital tract
stage III: metastasis in the lung with or with...
Article
Colorectal cancer (staging)
Colorectal carcinoma staging can be performed using two systems. The traditional Dukes staging system has largely been replaced by the TNM system but is nonetheless often used clinically.
Staging
Dukes (Astler-Coller modification)
stage A: confined to mucosa
stage B: through muscularis propr...
Article
Colorectal cancer (TNM staging 7th edition)
The 7th edition of the TNM classification of colorectal carcinomas was proposed in 2010, and has now been updated and replaced by the 8th edition, published in 2016.
Primary tumor staging (T)
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ
T1: in...
Article
Cotswolds-modified Ann Arbor classification
The Cotswolds-modified Ann Arbor classification is a lymphoma staging classification system for both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. They came about in 1988 following recommended modifications to the Ann Arbor staging system after a meeting in Cotswold, England.
This classification h...
Article
Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck (staging)
Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of nonmelanoma skin cancer involving the scalp, external ear, neck, or face including external lips. The system applies to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and numerous other skin carcinomas, notably excluding eyelid carcino...
Article
Deauville five-point scale
The Deauville five-point scale (Deauville 5PS) is an internationally-recommended scale for routine clinical reporting and clinical trials using FDG PET-CT in the initial staging and assessment of treatment response in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL).
Incl...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.