Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
359 results found
Article
Hyperechoic breast lesions
There are a number of lesions that appear hyperechoic on ultrasound. Such lesions can be either completely or partly hyperechoic and include both benign and malignant entities.
Benign
fat containing breast lesions
lipoma of the breast
fibroadenolipoma (hamartoma) of the breast
focal regions...
Article
Balloon breast brachytherapy
Balloon breast brachytherapy (BBB) is a technique for delivering radiation treatment in women with early-stage breast cancer. It is given after lumpectomy, or surgical removal of a small breast neoplasm, and is a shorter alternative to the more traditional method of external beam radiation for s...
Article
Tubular carcinoma of the breast
Tubular carcinoma of the breast is a subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).
Epidemiology
These account for ~1% of breast cancers. The peak age at presentation may be comparatively younger than with other types of breast cancer 7.
Associations
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): can be an ...
Article
Breast imaging and the technologist
Breast screening and diagnostic programmes cannot exist without the technologists. They play an indispensable role in the acquisition of mammogram and ultrasound images in both screening and diagnostic settings.
The mammogram technologist: the primary responsibility of the "mammo tech" is the ...
Article
Reversed CC view
The reversed CC view is an additional view. It is useful for the study of breasts with surgical scars in the lower quadrants. The ability to see the scar through the compressor paddle offers to the mammographer the possibility to flatten it properly, reducing the formation of scar folds as well ...
Article
Tangential views
Tangential views are useful to differentiate intracutaneous radiopaque particles in a tattoo from intraparenchymal microcalcifications.
Mammographic findings close to the skin such as masses, microcalcifications, skin dimpling or shaded areas always pose a problem of differential diagnosis.
Va...
Article
Asymmetry in breast size
Asymmetry in breast size can arise from a number of factors.
Pathology
Breasts are rarely absolutely the same size or volume. Normal variation is common. Most females have slight discrepancies in breast size. Asymmetric progressive breast enlargement is unusual but known. The role of the breas...
Article
Kaiser score: breast MRI classification flowchart
The Kaiser score is an evidence-based clinical decision rule to distinguish benign from malignant lesions in breast MRI. It incorporates five BI-RADS descriptors:
spiculations
suspicious protrusion from the lesion surface that has concave lateral aspects
this includes classical spiculations, ...
Article
Tuberous breasts
Tuberous breasts are congenital deformities of breast. They are defined by reduced parenchymal volume and herniation of breast tissue through the nipple-areola complex.
Epidemiology
The exact incidence is not clear. However, it is a common cause of patients presenting with breast asymmetry. Pr...
Article
Spot view (mammography)
A spot view (also known as a spot compression view or focal compression view) is an additional mammographic view performed by applying the compression to a smaller area of tissue using a small compression paddle, increasing the effective pressure on that spot. This results in better tissue separ...
Article
Mediolateral oblique view
The mediolateral oblique (MLO) view is one of the two standard mammographic views, alongside the craniocaudal (CC) view.
It is the most important projection as it allows depiction of most breast tissue.
Adequacy
The representation of the pectoral muscle on the MLO view is a key component in...
Article
Breast echotexture
Breast echotexture refers to the background tissue appearance on breast sonography, analogous to breast density/amount of fibroglandular tissue on mammography and MRI. There are three categories of tissue composition according to the BI-RADS lexicon 1:
homogeneous background echotexture – fat
...
Article
Ultrasound evaluation of breast cysts
Ultrasound evaluation of breast cysts is the modality of choice. Obstruction of the ducts, often appearing as the result of epithelial hyperplastic processes or stromal fibrosis, or both processes lead to the formation of cysts, disabling the drainage of the terminal ducts of the lobules.
In al...
Article
Automated full-field volumetric ultrasound
An automatic full-field volumetric breast ultrasound scanner (AFFBUS) is a developing technology which was initiated to overcome the drawback of dense breast and to get a three-dimensional view of the breast.
Components
scan station
view station
Scan station
Automatic ultrasound imaging ac...
Article
Fibrocystic change (breast)
Fibrocystic change of the breast (also known as diffuse cystic mastopathy) is a benign alteration in the terminal ductal lobular unit of the breast with or without associated fibrosis. It is seen as a wide spectrum of altered morphology in the female breast from innocuous to those associated wit...
Article
Pectoralis major muscle
The pectoralis major muscle is a large fan-shaped muscle of the pectoral region, overlying the anterior chest wall but often considered an upper limb muscle due to its function.
Summary
origin: medial clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages, and external oblique aponeurosis
insertion: bicipital...
Article
Radiation-induced breast changes
Radiation-induced breast changes are a consequence of radiotherapy toxicity over the breast tissues either related to targeted breast cancer treatment or other thoracic malignancies (eg. lung cancer).
Radiographic features
The radiation-induced breast changes may be seen in either dedicated b...
Article
Usual ductal hyperplasia
Usual ductal hyperplasia, also known as epithelial hyperplasia, is a benign proliferation of normal cells in breast ducts and lobules.
Epidemiology
The mean age of patients with epithelial hyperplasia is 54 years 1.
Clinical presentation
Epithelial hyperplasia is usually asymptomatic and fou...
Article
Abscess
Abscesses are focal confined collections of suppurative inflammatory material and can be thought of as having three components 1:
a central core consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells and local tissue
peripheral halo of viable neutrophils
surrounded by a 'capsule' with dilated blood vessel...
Article
Terminal duct lobular unit
Each lobe of the breast is drained by a collecting duct terminating in the nipple. The collecting duct drains several side branches, each arising from a terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU), the basic functional and histopathological unit of the breast. The terminal duct lobular unit is composed of...
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