Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
535 results found
Article
Code stroke CT (an approach)
A code stroke CT can be daunting to interpret as not only does it involve many sequences but it also includes CT perfusion with which many radiologists and clinicians alike are relatively unfamiliar. If that wasn’t challenging enough, there is usually the added pressure to make the diagnosis rap...
Article
Canal-to-body ratio of Torg and Pavlov
The canal-to-body ratio of Torg and Pavlov is a method of evaluating the degree of cervical canal stenosis on lateral cervical spine radiographs.
Terminology
This ratio is variously referred to as the Torg ratio 3, the Pavlov ratio 3,4, the Torg-Pavlov ratio 5, or the canal-to-body ratio 3.
M...
Article
Subacromial bursal injection
Subacromial bursal corticosteroid injections, also known as subacromial-subdeltoid bursal injections, are used in patients with limited or no response to initial treatment with impingement syndrome, subacromial bursitis and/or rotator cuff disorders. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs...
Article
Forbidden areas in mammography
In breast imaging, forbidden, check or review areas are zones that, according to Tabár, require special attention in mammographic interpretation. These are:
on a mediolateral oblique (MLO) view
the "Milky Way" (retromammary fat): a 3-4 cm wide band parallel to the edge of the pectoral muscle
...
Article
Ultrasound of the wrist
Ultrasound is a useful imaging modality for evaluation of the wrist, allowing high-resolution imaging of anatomy while simultaneously allowing dynamic evaluation of the joints, tendons, and ligaments.
Approach
There are multiple possible approaches to imaging the wrist with ultrasound. The exa...
Article
Knee injection (disambiguation)
Knee injection is a general term and can be made in reference, especially by patients, to multiple procedures which include:
common peroneal (fibular) nerve injection
knee joint injection
MRI arthrogram
CT arthrogram
anesthetic arthrogram
patella tendon microtenotomy
proximal tibiofibular...
Article
Testicular and scrotal ultrasound
Testicular and scrotal ultrasound is the primary modality for imaging most of the male reproductive system. It is relatively quick, relatively inexpensive, can be correlated quickly with the patient's signs and symptoms, and, most importantly, does not employ ionizing radiation.
MRI is occasion...
Article
Transrectal ultrasound
Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) is a technique that is used most commonly to evaluate
the prostate gland, including ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies
depth of invasion of colon/rectal cancer (for staging purposes)
It can also be used for guidance in placing a transrectal drain, or in rare pro...
Article
Abdominal x-ray review: ABDO X
Abdominal x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using ABDO X is a helpful and systematic method for abdominal x-ray review:
A: air - where it should and should not be
B: bowel - position, size and wall thickness
D: dense s...
Article
Solitary pulmonary nodule
Solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) is defined as a relatively well-defined round or oval pulmonary parenchymal lesion equal to or smaller than 30 mm in diameter. It is surrounded by pulmonary parenchyma and/or visceral pleura and is not associated with lymphadenopathy, atelectasis, or pneumonia 9.
...
Article
Adult elbow radiograph (an approach)
Systematic review
Whenever you look at an adult elbow x-ray, review:
alignment
fat pads for effusion
bony cortex
Alignment
Check the anterior humeral line:
drawn down the anterior surface of the humerus
should intersect the middle 1/3 of the capitellum
if it does not, think: distal hume...
Article
Viva technique
Viva technique is hugely important when sitting oral examinations. You must remember that the examiners may well have been examining for several days and for hours at a time. They will have shown their films many times and will know them backwards! Moreover, their films will be beloved, so do no...
Article
Viva preparation
Viva preparation is key to successful completion of professional exams. It is really important to think about the types of cases that you will be shown in the viva and prepare orally for them.
So, rather than learning sitting with your books, get a set of films or use the Radiopaedia quiz mode ...
Article
Knee joint injection (technique)
Knee joint injections under image guidance ensure precise delivery of an injectate into the knee joint. Either fluoroscopy, ultrasound or CT can be used to guide and administer injectates, which may be diagnostic (e.g. anesthetic), "therapeutic" (e.g. anesthetic/steroids, PRP), or for CT or MR a...
Article
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax, commonly abbreviated to PTX, (plural: pneumothoraces) refers to the presence of gas (often air) in the pleural space. When this collection of gas constantly enlarges with resulting compression of mediastinal structures, it can be life-threatening and is known as a tension pneumotho...
Article
Transthoracic echocardiography
Standard transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the most commonly performed form of echocardiography. It consists of five standardized windows which are obtained in a standardized sequence 1. Obtaining views from the left parasternal, apical, subcostal, and suprasternal notch windows is mandato...
Article
Normal pulmonary venous Doppler
Normal pulmonary venous blood flow in the pulmonary veins may be investigated during echocardiography with spectral Doppler analysis. Perturbations in the normal pulmonary venous waveform may indicate the presence of diastolic dysfunction and elevated filling pressures in the left atrium and ven...
Article
Diastolic dysfunction (point of care ultrasound)
Assessment for diastolic dysfunction is an advanced application of point-of-care ultrasonography, most commonly used as a supplemental non-invasive estimate of left atrial pressure in hemodynamically complex patients 1. Of note, this article will discuss the simplified, binary approach used in c...
Article
Ultrasound guided breast biopsy
Ultrasound-guided percutaneous breast biopsy is a widely used technique for an accurate histopathological assessment of suspected breast pathology. It is a fast, safe and economical procedure.
Indications
Ultrasound guidance is limited to lesions visible on ultrasound study. The biopsy is gene...
Article
Interscalene brachial plexus block
An interscalene brachial plexus block is indicated for procedures involving the shoulder and upper arm.
History
Ultrasound-guided brachial plexus nerve blocks entered the literature in 1989, when Ting et al. detailed their success with axillary nerve blocks in 10 patients 3.
Indications
redu...
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