Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
537 results found
Article
Modified Outerbridge grading of chondromalacia
The modified Outerbridge grading of chondromalacia is divided into four grades by MRI, typically using fat-saturated proton density sequences. This grading system was originally devised for arthroscopy initially for assessment of chondromalacia patellae, but then modified and extended for all ch...
Article
Stewart classification for proximal 5th metatarsal fractures
The Stewart classification for proximal fifth metatarsal fractures is based upon fracture location and morphology. It is divided into five types.
Classification
Type I
extra-articular transverse or oblique fracture between base of 5th metatarsal and diaphysis (Jones fracture)
Type II
avulsi...
Article
RENAL nephrometry scoring system
The RENAL nephrometry scoring system was developed to categorize renal masses into low, intermediate and high complexity, based on cross-sectional imaging findings. Its purpose is to aid in decision making, patient counseling, surgical planning, and patient follow-up, as well as academic reporti...
Article
Pathological fracture risk (Harrington criteria)
Harrington criteria can be used to predict which long bone skeletal metastases are at high risk of pathological fracture and should undergo prophylactic internal fixation. It preceded the Mirels classification for impending pathological fracture but has not been validated and its use is debated....
Article
Rotator cuff tear grading (MRI)
One method of grading rotator cuff tears on MRI is as follows:
grade 0: normal
grade I: increased T2 signal with normal morphology
grade II: increased T2 signal with abnormal morphology (thickening, or irregularity of the tendon)
grade III: defined tear (e.g. partial or full-thickness, compl...
Article
Patte classification of rotator cuff tendon retraction
The Patte classification describes the amount of supraspinatus tendon retraction in a complete tear of the rotator cuff of the shoulder, and is applied on sequences in the frontal plane 1:
stage 1: proximal stump near the bony insertion
stage 2: proximal stump is at the level of the humeral he...
Article
MAGNIMS consensus on MRI diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
The magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis (MAGNIMS), which is a European collaborative research network, published in 2016 new recommendations to upgrade the imaging diagnosis criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS). These came as a consensus, based on evidence-based and expert opinions ...
Article
Bladder impairment following spinal cord injury
A commonly used classification scheme used by urologists and rehabilitation specialists, described by Wein, classifies bladder impairment following spinal cord injury according to the level of injury:
suprasacral (infrapontine) bladder - upper motor neuron lesion, releasing the sacral micturiti...
Article
Carpentier classification of mitral valve regurgitation
The Carpentier classification divides mitral valve regurgitation into three types based on leaflet motion 1:
type I: normal leaflet motion
annular dilation, leaflet perforation
regurgitation jet directed centrally
type II: excessive leaflet motion
papillary muscle rupture, chordal rupture, ...
Article
Poliodystrophies
Poliodystrophies are neurological disease dominated by grey-matter involvement as opposed to leukodystrophies (dominated by white matter involvement) or pandystrophies (both white and grey matter involved).
The poliodystrophy group are defined by predominant grey matter involvement, but some de...
Article
Mediastinum (ITMIG classification)
The International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) classification of mediastinal compartments was developed to reflect a division of the mediastinum based on cross-sectional imaging. It was in part an effort to consolidate prior discrepant classification systems in use by different medic...
Article
McDonald and McClellan's classification of crossed renal ectopias
McDonald and McClellan classified crossed renal ectopia into four types 1:
bilateral crossed renal ectopia without fusion
unilateral crossed renal ectopia
bilaterally crossed renal ectopia: represents 90% of all crossed ectopias and includes crossed fused renal ectopia
crossed unfused rena...
Article
Gustilo Anderson classification
The Gustilo Anderson classification, also known as the Gustilo classification, is the most widely accepted classification system of open (or compound) fractures.
The grading system is used to guide management of compound fractures, with higher grade injuries associated with higher risk of compl...
Article
Bähren classification of left varicoceles
Bähren classification of left varicoceles:
type 0: no evidence of venous reflux in internal spermatic vein (ISV)
type I: single ISV with insufficient or absent valve
type II: single ISV with ≥ 2 ostia to renal vein; may be branches to ascending lumbar/retroperitoneal veins
IIa: insufficient ...
Article
Grading of brachial plexus injuries
According to CT myelography, brachial plexus injuries can be classified into six types 1:
N type: normal root sleeve and nerve roots
A1 type: slightly deformed root sleeves and nerve roots as compared to unaffected site
A2 type: obliteration of the tip of root sleeves and deformed thickened n...
Article
Poliovirus
Poliovirus is the causative agent involved in poliomyelitis. It is a single-stranded RNA virus and one of the smallest significantly described viruses:
group: group IV
family: picornaviruses
genus: enterovirus
species: enterovirus C
subtype: poliovirus
Related pathology
poliomyelitis
pol...
Article
True hermaphroditism
True hermaphroditism is a form of disorder of gender development.
Pathology
Patients with true hermaphroditism have mosaicism of 46XX and 46XY. They therefore have both ovarian and testicular tissues.
Subtypes
There are three forms of true hermaphroditism:
unilateral true hermaphroditism
...
Article
Chronic suppurative lung disease
Chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) refers to a group of conditions which includes:
cystic fibrosis
bronchiectasis
primary ciliary dyskinesia
This term is usually used in the context of pediatric patients.
Article
WHO histological classification of tumors of the uterine cervix
The WHO histological classification is a detailed classification of tumors of the uterine cervix.
epithelial tumors
squamous tumors and precursors
squamous cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified - 8070/3
keratinizing - 8071/3
non-keratinizing - 8072/3
basaloid - 8083/3
verrucous - 8051/3...
Article
Combined conduit score of sinovenous stenosis
The combined conduit score (CCS) is a grading scheme for the assessment of the degree of transverse-sigmoid sinus stenosis in the setting of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The score was initially developed for ATECO MR venography 1.
Parameters
Assessment is performed using maximum inten...
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