Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
320 results found
Article
Prostate-specific membrane antigen
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), also known as glutamate carboxypeptidase II, is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that has become an increasingly prominent imaging biomarker 1. PSMA has emerged as a useful target in PET imaging of prostate cancer, especially in the evaluation of sm...
Article
Clade
A clade is a taxonomic term which is used to describe organisms which form a distinct group with shared characteristics that distinguish them from other groups of organisms. For example, organisms making up genetic variants within a particular species.
See also
mpox
Article
Myo-inositol peak
Myo-inositol is one of the compounds images with MR spectroscopy (MRS) at both 1.5 T and 3 T and is seen to resonate at 3.5 ppm chemical shift (right of the choline peak).
Myo-inositol is a precursor of both phosphatidylinositol (the major inositol-containing phospholipid) and phosphatidylinos...
Article
Synechiae
Synechiae (singular: synechia, alternative plural: synechias) are another term for adhesions, which in radiological contexts usually relates to bands of scar tissue between structures, e.g. within the abdominal cavity or pleural cavity or within the uterus.
Pathology
Synechia can be found thro...
Article
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative spiral flagellate microaerophilic bacterium found in the human gastric mucosa 1. It is classified as a Group I carcinogen and is considered necessary but insufficient alone to cause gastric adenocarcinoma. More often than not, it results in chro...
Article
Neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN)
Neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) is a protein expressed in mature (post-mitotic) neurons and is commonly used as an immunohistochemical target to identify neuronal differentiation (e.g. in ganglioglioma and gangliocytomas).
It is primarily expressed in the nuclei of neurons with less pronounced...
Article
Adenocarcinoma (endometrium)
Endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC) is the commonest histological subtype of endometrial cancer and accounts for up to 90% of such cases 1.
Pathology
Histological subtypes
endometrioid carcinoma
serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium
clear cell adenocarcinoma of the endometrium
mixed adeno...
Article
Bone grafting of reverse Hill-Sachs defects
Bone grafting of reverse Hill-Sachs defect is the surgical restoration of the humeral head due to compromised shoulder stability from large defects, which in patients without significant glenoid bone loss who have good bone stock, preserved articular cartilage, and humeral head defect between 20...
Article
CEA
Serum CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) is a cell-adhesive glycoprotein that was discovered in colorectal cancer in 1965, and is hence one of the oldest and most used tumor markers. Its name derives from its normal expression in fetoembryonic liver, gut and pancreas tissue.
Normal range of CEA is ...
Article
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry is a method of assessing histology with the use of antibodies to specific antigens. It is complementary to the older technique of chemical staining of tissues (such as the very commonly used hematoxylin and eosin stain).
There are many variations on exactly how immunohistoc...
Article
Ahumada-Del Castillo syndrome
Ahumada-Del Castillo syndrome is a rare endocrine disorder affecting adult females, which is characterized by galactorrhea-amenorrhea not associated with pregnancy with estrogen deficiency and decreased urinary gonadotropin levels.
Clinical presentation
lactation not associated with breastfeed...
Article
Hartnup disease
Hartnup disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the defective transport of neutral amino acids (monoamino-monocarboxylic acids) in the small intestine and kidneys.
Clinical presentation
pellagra-like skin eruptions
cerebellar ataxia
signs of spastic paraplegia with peripheral ne...
Article
Hematoma
Hematomas (alternative plural: hematomata) are the name given to localized collections of blood and they can form virtually anywhere in the body. They often form secondary to trauma or surgery but spontaneous formation is also not uncommon, especially in those with coagulation disorders or on an...
Article
Diverticulum
Diverticula are outpouchings of a hollow viscus and can be either true or false.
Occasionally a diverticulum is used in a more general sense to mean the outpouching of other anatomical structures, e.g. frontal intersinus septal cells are hypothesized to form as diverticula from the frontal sinu...
Article
Helium
Helium (chemical symbol He) is a noble gas and the least reactive of all the chemical elements. It is important as a cryogenic coolant in many MRI scanners.
Chemistry
Physical chemistry
Helium is an odorless colourless non-flammable gas. It has an atomic number 2 with a relative atomic weight...
Article
Carbon
Carbon (chemical symbol C) is one of the basic organic elements, and is a fundamental constituent of all organic molecules - and therefore all terrestrial life. Its unique versatility in forming different compounds comes from its ability to form multiple atomic bonds with itself.
Chemistry
Phy...
Article
Chemical element
There are now 118 confirmed chemical elements in the periodic table. A chemical element describes atoms which share the same specific number of protons in their nucleus (atomic number or Z). For example, all atoms of carbon, regardless of their number of electrons (determines ionization) or neut...
Article
Glycosaminoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, are biomolecules produced by almost all mammalian cells, as well as in many vertebrates and invertebrates, but have not been described in plants 1. They are constituent elements of proteoglycans and are found within the cells in t...
Article
Thyroid transcription factor 1
Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) refers to a homeodomain-containing nuclear transcription factor that belongs to the Nkx2 gene family encoded by a gene located on chromosome 14q13.
It is expressed in the forebrain, thyroid and lung tissues. The presence of TTF-1 protein on a tissue sample ...
Article
Vitamin C
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is a water soluble vitamin that is a coenzyme for the formation of the structure protein collagen, particularly creating cross-linking of collagen fibers which greatly increases its tensile strength. It also acts as an antioxidant. Vitamin C is one of the hematinics.
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