Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
359 results found
Article
Nipple inversion
Nipple inversion is an important finding on mammography and correlation with patient history is essential. When nipple abnormalities such as inversion are identified, it is important for the technologist to document them in the medical record / mammography worksheet so that the radiologist will ...
Article
Magnification view (mammography)
A magnification view in mammography is performed to evaluate and count microcalcifications and its extension (as well the assessment of the borders and the tissue structures of a suspicious area or a mass) by using a magnification device which brings the breast away from the film plate and close...
Article
Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score
Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score (Exact Sciences, USA) is a proprietary 21-gene expression assay that is prospectively validated and provides prognostic information on the 10-year risk of disease recurrence in estrogen receptor positive, lymph node-negative breast cancer patients 1. This gene...
Article
Axillary lymph nodes
The axillary lymph nodes, also known commonly as axillary nodes, are a group of lymph nodes in the axilla that receive lymph from vessels that drain the arm, the walls of the thorax, the breast and the upper walls of the abdomen.
Gross anatomy
There are five axillary lymph node groups, namely ...
Article
Normal breast imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging of the breast and surrounding structures, divided by region and modality.
Breast
Mammography
MLO and CC (standard mammographic views)
labeled example
unlabelled
example 1 (50 year old)
example 2 (35 year old)
example 3 (dense breasts, 45 year...
Article
Non-puerperal mastitis
Non-puerperal mastitis, also known as Zuska disease, Zuska-Atkins disease or squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts (SMOLD) is a rare benign breast condition that is characterized by recurrent subareolar abscess formation, sometimes followed by chronic fistula formation and pus drainage. It is...
Article
Free silicone breast injections
Free silicone breast injections (silicone mastopathy) are an alternative form of breast augmentation to breast implants, although they have serious adverse effects and are banned in many countries.
Radiographic features
There are similar features to that of free silicone from breast implant r...
Article
Mammary duct ectasia
Mammary duct ectasia is the abnormal widening of one or more breast ducts to greater than 2 mm diameter, or 3 mm at the ampulla. It can be due to benign or malignant processes.
Terminology
Some publications use this term synonymously with periductal mastitis 7 or plasma cell mastitis 10,11, wh...
Article
Brachytherapy
Brachytherapy, also known as sealed source radiotherapy or endocurietherapy, is a form of radiotherapy where a radioactive source is placed, under the guidance of imaging, within or next to the area requiring treatment. This provides localized targeted internal radiation.
Brachytherapy has been...
Article
Contrast-enhanced mammography
There are 2 types of contrast-enhanced mammography examination – temporal subtraction and dual-energy.
Initial work in the early 2000s used temporal subtraction, but artifacts due to patient movement during prolonged compression limited its diagnostic usefulness. Travieso et al produced a usef...
Article
Breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS) assessment category 1
BI-RADS 1 is one of seven categories from the breast imaging reporting and data system. It is defined as negative and is used when imaging demonstrates:
no finding is present in an imaging modality (not even a benign finding)
there is nothing to comment on
a normal examination
The likelihoo...
Article
Breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS)
BI-RADS (Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System) is a risk assessment and quality assurance tool developed by American College of Radiology that provides a widely accepted lexicon and reporting schema for imaging of the breast. It applies to mammography, ultrasound, and MRI. This article refle...
Article
Silicone injection and insertion (cosmetic)
Silicone injection into various parts of the body has been used in many countries to achieve what are perceived to be cosmetic improvements. Most common sites for such injections are the breasts, face, and buttocks, although anywhere can be targeted.
This article is a general discussion of the...
Article
Poland syndrome
Poland syndrome refers to a congenital unilateral absence of the pectoralis major and minor muscles and is a recognized cause of unilateral hyperlucent hemithorax.
Epidemiology
Poland syndrome is usually sporadic, although rare familial cases have been described 1. It is rare, with an estimat...
Article
Ultrasound elastography
Ultrasound elastography, also called as sono-elastography, is a modern evolutionary method of sonographic imaging. Techniques include shear wave elastography (also known as transient elastography) and strain elastography (also known as static or compression elastography). These techniques utiliz...
Article
Plasma cell mastitis
Plasma cell mastitis is a benign breast condition that represents calcification of inspissated secretions in or immediately adjacent to ectatic benign ducts. It is clinically relevant since it shares some clinical, microscopical and macroscopical similarities with breast cancer 5.
Epidemiology...
Article
Breast hypoplasia
Breast hypoplasia is a condition which is characterized by underdevelopment of the breast. Breast hypoplasia can be congenital or acquired.
Pathology
Congenital hypoplasia
Associations include:
ulnar-mammary syndrome
Poland syndrome
Turner syndrome
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Acquired...
Article
Breast implant rupture
Breast implant ruptures are a recognized complication of a breast implant. It can be intracapsular, when confined by the surrounding fibrous capsule, or extracapsular, when silicone freely extravasates.
Pathology
After implantation of a silicone or saline breast implant, a fibrous capsule (sc...
Article
Axillary web syndrome
Axillary web syndrome is a commonly occurring condition secondary to breast cancer surgery involving lymphadenectomy 1. It is characterized by the presence of one or multiple thin cords in the subcutaneous tissues of the axilla, which extends down the arm and/or chest wall 1,2. This can lead to ...
Article
Intraductal papilloma of breast
Intraductal papillomas are the most common masses within the milk ducts of the breast. They are benign tumors but may contain areas of atypia or carcinoma. The most common symptom is nipple discharge.
Epidemiology
sex
almost exclusively in women
extremely rare in males 9
age
classically mo...
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