Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
105 results found
Article
Catterall classification of Perthes disease
The Catterall classification of Perthes disease is based on radiographic appearances of the epiphysis and metaphysis visible in osteonecrosis of the femoral head:
stage I
bone absorption changes visible in the anterior aspect of the epiphysis of femoral head
changes are visible best in frog l...
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (staging)
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis arises most commonly at the distal end of the penile urethra with local invasion of the glans.
In addition to TNM classification, the following staging is used:
Staging
stage I: confined to the glans or foreskin
stage II: invasion of penile shaft
stage I...
Article
Lymphoma response to immunomodulatory therapy criteria (LYRIC)
The Lymphoma Response to Immunomodulatory Therapy Criteria (LYRIC) represents an adaptation of the Lugano classification for the evaluation of lymphoma after immune-based treatment.
During immunomodulatory agents (e.g. checkpoint inhibitors) therapy, imaging findings suggestive of progressive d...
Article
B symptoms
The B symptoms (a.k.a. inflammatory symptoms) are a triad of systemic symptoms associated with more advanced disease and a poorer outcome in lymphoma 1,2:
weight loss
>10% unintentional decrease in body weight in the 6 months preceding the diagnosis
fever: >38°C
night sweats
B symptoms are ...
Article
Necrotizing enterocolitis (staging)
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) can be staged into three groups, to guide appropriate treatment based on the work of Bell et al. 1. In general, stage I and II are managed medically whereas stage III is managed surgically.
stage I
clinical signs
lethargy, temperature instability, apnea, bradyc...
Article
Primary urethral cancer (staging)
Primary urethral cancer staging often uses the TNM system and is as follows:
TNM staging
Primary tumor staging (T)
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ
Ta: non-invasive papillary, polypoid, or verrucous carcinoma
T1: invasion of sube...
Article
WHO criteria in tumor response
The WHO criteria were developed in the 1980s under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO) to standardize reporting of cancers in clinical trials. Nowadays, newer criteria often based on the WHO criteria (such as RECIST, mRECIST, Choi criteria, Lugano response criteria), have widely...
Article
Cervical lymph node (staging)
Cervical lymph node staging refers to evaluating regional nodal metastasis from primary cancer of the head and neck. The following article reflects the 8th edition of the TNM staging system published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for staging starting January 1, 2018 1,...
Article
Vaginal cancer (staging)
The staging of primary vaginal cancer covers all histological subtypes and is as follows
FIGO staging system
stage 0: carcinoma in situ
stage I: tumor confined to vagina
stage II: invasion of paravaginal tissues but no extension beyond pelvic side walls
stage III: extension to pelvic side w...
Article
Hypopharyngeal carcinoma (staging)
Hypopharyngeal carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas originating in the hypopharynx. This system most commonly applies to squamous cell carcinomas but can also apply to rarer epithelial malignancies in the region. The following article reflects the 8th edition published by the Am...
Article
Head and neck cancer therapy response interpretation (Hopkins criteria)
The head and neck cancer therapy response interpretation (Hopkins criteria) is a qualitative system of interpretation for therapy response assessment using PET-CT.
Background
Widely used options for therapy response assessment are clinical examination, histopathology, CT and MR imaging, howeve...
Article
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (staging)
Anaplastic thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid carcinomas are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for st...
Article
Medullary thyroid cancer (staging)
Medullary thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of medullary thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas have similar TNM category definitions but different prognostic stage group definitions. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published...
Article
Differentiated thyroid cancer (staging)
Differentiated thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committ...
Article
Unknown primary tumors of the head and neck (staging)
Unknown primary tumors of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of metastatic carcinomas in the head and neck region without an identifiable primary tumor. The typical scenario involves squamous cell carcinoma present in a cervical lymph node, no obvious primary source on clinical exam...
Article
Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus carcinoma (staging)
Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of epithelial cancers involving the nasal cavity or ethmoid air cells. Applicable histologies include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and its variants, and other rarer epithelial malignancies other than mucosal melano...
Article
Maxillary sinus carcinoma (staging)
Maxillary sinus carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of epithelial malignancies involving the maxillary sinus. Applicable histologies include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, and other rarer carcinomas. The following article reflects the 8th editi...
Article
Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck (staging)
Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of nonmelanoma skin cancer involving the scalp, external ear, neck, or face including external lips. The system applies to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and numerous other skin carcinomas, notably excluding eyelid carcino...
Article
Major salivary gland cancer (staging)
Major salivary gland cancer staging refers to TNM staging of malignant tumors of the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands). In contrast, tumors arising from minor salivary glands are staged according to their site of origin. The following article reflects the 8th ...
Article
Testicular cancer (staging)
The staging for testicular tumors is performed according to the TNM system with staging groupings. It can be remembered in its abbreviated form as:
stage I: confined to testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, scrotum
stage II: lymph nodes involved but no distant metastases and serum tumor markers...
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