Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,983 results found
Article
Usual interstitial pneumonia
Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is a histopathologic and radiologic pattern of interstitial lung disease, which is the hallmark pattern for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
On imaging, usual interstitial pneumonia usually presents with a lung volume loss and an apicobasal gradient of pe...
Article
Pleural thickening
Pleural thickening is a descriptive term given to describe any form of thickening involving either the parietal or visceral pleura.
It can occur with both benign and malignant pleural disease. According to etiology it may be classified as:
benign pleural thickening
following recurrent inflam...
Article
Round atelectasis
Round atelectasis, also known as rounded atelectasis, folded lung or Blesovsky syndrome, is an unusual type of lung atelectasis where there is infolding of a redundant pleura. The way the lung collapses can at times give a false mass-like appearance.
Epidemiology
Associations
Round atelectasi...
Article
Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung
Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) of the lung is a relatively new category in the classification of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Lesions that fall into this category refer to small solitary adenocarcinomas <3 cm (i.e. <30 mm) with either pure lepidic growth or predominant lepidic growth wit...
Article
Esophageal web
Esophageal webs refer to an esophageal constriction caused by a thin mucosal membrane projecting into the lumen.
Epidemiology
Esophageal webs tend to affect middle-aged females.
Clinical presentation
Patients are usually asymptomatic and the finding may be incidental and unimportant. However...
Article
Esophageal carcinoma
Esophageal carcinoma is globally the 7th most common cancer and 6th most common cause of cancer-related death as per NCCN version 3.2023. It tends to present with increasing dysphagia, initially to solids and progressing to liquids as the tumor increases in size, obstructing the lumen of the eso...
Article
Light chain deposition disease (pulmonary manifestations)
Pulmonary light chain deposition disease is a rare manifestation of systemic light chain deposition disease (LCDD).
Pathology
Fragments of immunoglobulin light chains secreted by a plasma clone are deposited as amorphous eosinophilic material in the alveolar walls, small airways, and vessels 2...
Article
Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia
Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP), also known as lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by lymphocyte predominant infiltration of the lungs. It is classified as a subtype of interstitial lung disease. It also falls under the umbrella of n...
Article
Cystic lung disease
Cystic lung disease is an umbrella term used to group the conditions coursing with multiple lung cysts.
Clinical presentation
The clinical presentation is an important clue to the differential diagnosis of cystic lung diseases 12.
Diseases that present with insidious dyspnea or spontaneous p...
Article
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) may be seen as part of widespread involvement in patients with disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis or more frequently as a distinct entity in young adult smokers. This article focuses on the latter.
Epidemiology
Pulmonary Langerhans cell h...
Article
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a low-grade destructive metastasizing PEComatous tumor 1 resulting from the proliferation of LAM cells in the lung, kidney and axial lymphatics. The disease is caused by mutations of the TSC2 or TSC1 genes and is more commonly sporadic rather than inherited. Cys...
Article
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHDS), also known as folliculin gene-associated syndrome, is a multi-system disease characterized by:
cutaneous manifestations, typically fibrofolliculomas
multiple lung cysts and spontaneous pneumothoraces
increased risk of renal tumors, typically chromophobe oncocyt...
Article
Right middle lobe syndrome
Right middle lobe syndrome refers to chronic right middle lobe collapse, usually without an obstructing lesion (but not always). It is usually with associated bronchiectasis.
Epidemiology
Right middle lobe syndrome is usually encountered in older adults, with a predilection for women (see Lad...
Article
Askin tumor
The original description of the Askin tumor (by Askin and Rosai in 1979 1), and many studies following it have led to a great deal of confusion. An Askin tumor was considered a separate entity or as a type of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, usually of the chest wall.
However, in the...
Article
Pulmonary infarction
Pulmonary infarction is one of the key complications of pulmonary embolism (PE).
Epidemiology
Pulmonary infarction occurs in the minority (10-15%) of patients with PE 1. Although in a necropsy study of those with lethal PE, 60% of cases developed infarction 2.
Historically it was thought tha...
Article
Human coronavirus
The human coronaviruses (hCoVs), members of the family Coronaviridae, are enveloped RNA viruses that affect humans, mammals and birds, causing both acute and chronic illnesses.
Four of the seven known human coronaviruses usually cause a mild coryzal illness only, these are HKU1, NL63, OC43, and...
Article
Small heart sign
The small heart sign represents a rarely encountered but critical sign on chest caused by a sudden reduction of heart size caused by cardiac tamponade due to either tension pneumopericardium or pneumomediastinum.
A sudden, >2 cm reduction in the transverse cardiac diameter is considered highly...
Article
Aortopulmonary window (radiograph)
The aortopulmonary (aortic-pulmonary or AP) window (also known as APW, but see 'Terminology' below) is a radiological mediastinal space seen on frontal chest radiographs.
Terminology
The term should also not be confused with an aortopulmonary septal defect, which is occasionally also - unfortu...
Article
Hiatal surface area
The hiatal surface area (HSA) is a measurement that has been proposed to define the size of the hiatal defect in the preoperative assessment of a hiatus hernia. It allows to determine the two-dimensional expanse of the hiatal orifice and then adapts the crural closure to the exact dimension of t...
Article
Chest (lateral view)
The lateral chest view examines the lungs, bony thoracic cavity, mediastinum, and great vessels.
Indications
This orthogonal view to a frontal chest radiograph may be performed as an adjunct in cases where there is diagnostic uncertainty. The lateral chest view can be particularly useful in as...
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