Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,114 results found
Article
Adrenal collision tumor
An adrenal collision tumor or collision tumor of the adrenal gland is an uncommon condition where two histologically distinct tumors abut each other or are in close proximity in the same adrenal gland.
Pathology
Collision tumors have been reported in nearly every organ, for example, collision ...
Article
CA 27-29
CA 27-29 is a tumor marker and is a soluble form of glycoprotein MUC1. It may be elevated in patients with breast cancer. Tumors of the colon, stomach, kidney, lung, ovary, pancreas, uterus, and liver may also raise CA 27-29 levels.
Certain non-malignant conditions are also associated with its ...
Article
Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney
Clear cell sarcomas of the kidney (CCSK) are a rare mesenchymal renal tumor that account for ~5% of primary renal neoplasms in the pediatric population 1.
Epidemiology
Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney is the second most common primary malignant pediatric renal neoplasm after Wilms tumor, with...
Article
BALT lymphoma
BALT lymphoma is an abbreviated term for bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. These neoplasms fall under the broader umbrella of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas. It is sometimes considered a type of primary pulmonary lymphoma.
Clinical presentation
Up to half of pat...
Article
Pulmonary lymphoma
Pulmonary lymphoma refers to lung parenchymal involvement with lymphoma.
Pathology
It can be broadly divided as primary or secondary:
primary pulmonary lymphoma: (rare) usually non-Hodgkin lymphoma which is limited to the lung with or without mediastinal lymph node involvement and with no evi...
Article
Adrenal calcification
Adrenal calcification is not a rare finding in healthy asymptomatic people and is usually the result of previous hemorrhage or tuberculosis. Addison disease patients only occasionally develop calcification.
Pathology
Etiology
Hemorrhage
sepsis: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
blunt abdomi...
Article
Primary breast chondrosarcoma
Primary breast chondrosarcoma is a rare type of sarcoma that originates from the mammary stroma and not from the underlying bone or cartilage of the chest wall.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of primary breast chondrosarcoma is reported to be 0.5-1%, they represent <5% of all sarcomas 1,14.
Clin...
Article
Minor salivary gland tumors
Minor salivary gland tumors are a subtype of salivary gland tumors originating from the minor salivary glands, which are found in the lips, tongue, hard palate, and the mucosa of the oropharynx and larynx, among other locations.
Epidemiology
MSGTs account for ~15% of all salivary gland tumors....
Article
Mesothelioma (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists.
Pleural mesotheliomas are malignant tumors of the lining of the lungs. There is a strong association with asbestos exposure.
Reference article
This is a summary article; read more in our article on mesothelioma.
Summary...
Article
Investigation of hemoptysis (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists.
Hemoptysis is the coughing up of frank blood or blood-stained mucus/pus from the lungs and it is an important indicator of pathology. Careful assessment of history, clinical examination and investigations will help elicit ...
Article
SpaceOAR
SpaceOAR is a technique in which a physical space is created between the prostate gland and rectum for electron beam radiotherapy targeted to the prostate gland in cases of prostate cancer.
OAR stands for "organ at risk", and in cases of prostate cancer radiotherapy treatment the rectum is the...
Article
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the tracheobronchial tree
Adenoid cystic carcinomas of the tracheobronchial tree are a type of low-grade tracheal tumor. They are considered to be the second most common primary tumor of the trachea.
Epidemiology
They are usually first recognized in patients in their 4th and 5th decades. There is no recognized gender p...
Article
Angiosarcoma of breast
Breast angiosarcomas are a rare vascular breast malignancy.
Epidemiology
As primary tumors of the breast, they account for ~0.04% 2 of all breast cancers and tend to occur in younger women, in their 3rd to 4th decades.
Secondary angiosarcoma, related to prior therapy of breast cancer, has an ...
Article
Malignant biliary tract obstruction (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Malignant biliary tract obstruction (MBTO) represents a group of conditions that cause obstructive jaundice. While most examples are the result of pancreatic head cancers, other malignancies may be causative.
Reference art...
Article
Renal leiomyoma
Renal leiomyomas are benign tumors of the kidney originating from smooth muscle cells of the renal capsule, pelvis, calyces, or blood vessels.
There is a 4-5.5% prevalence based on autopsy findings 1.
Clinical presentation
Renal leiomyomas are usually incidental findings. In symptomatic cases...
Article
WHO histological classification of tumors of the uterine cervix
The WHO histological classification is a detailed classification of tumors of the uterine cervix.
epithelial tumors
squamous tumors and precursors
squamous cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified - 8070/3
keratinizing - 8071/3
non-keratinizing - 8072/3
basaloid - 8083/3
verrucous - 8051/3...
Article
Secondary hepatic involvement with lymphoma
Secondary hepatic involvement with lymphoma (secondary hepatic lymphoma) is common, much more so than primary hepatic lymphoma.
Clinical presentation
Hepatomegaly with deranged liver function tests is the most common presentation. Jaundice is common. Rarely, patients may present with acute li...
Article
Sarcoid-like post-immunotherapy granulomatosis
Sarcoid-like post-immunotherapy granulomatosis has been reported as an uncommon complication in patients treated with immunotherapy agents such as monoclonal antibodies. It was first reported in TNF inhibitors used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and has also been reported in various immunotherapy...
Article
Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma
Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma is an extremely rare tumor and refers to a situation where a synovial sarcoma arises from the lung as a primary site. It together with a pleural synovial sarcoma comes under the broader category of pleuro-pulmonary synovial sarcomas 3.
Epidemiology
It account...
Article
Synchronous breast cancer
Synchronous breast cancers are two (or more) primary breast cancers that occur in either breast at the same time.
Epidemiology
Up to 10% of all breast cancers may be synchronous (particularly found with the use of breast MRI). The occurrence of bilaterality is greatest with invasive lobular c...
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