Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
535 results found
Article
Solitary pulmonary nodule
Solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) is defined as a relatively well-defined round or oval pulmonary parenchymal lesion equal to or smaller than 30 mm in diameter. It is surrounded by pulmonary parenchyma and/or visceral pleura and is not associated with lymphadenopathy, atelectasis, or pneumonia 9.
...
Article
Systematic chest radiograph assessment (approach)
One approach to a systematic chest radiograph assessment is as follows:
projection
assessment of the technical adequacy
tubes and lines
cardiomediastinal contours
hila
airways, lungs and pleura
bones and soft tissue
review areas
Following a systematic approach on every chest radiograph ...
Article
Cardiac CT (an approach)
Cardiac CT can be a more or less frequent examination faced in daily practice also depending on the institution and the CT scanner technology available. With technological advances and improved dose reduction techniques in the last decade, cardiac CT has become increasingly popular.
What is pre...
Article
Trochlear facet asymmetry
Trochlear facet asymmetry (FA) refers to the condition of the medial facet being abnormally small if compared to the lateral facet in trochlear dysplasia 1.
Usage
Facet asymmetry is also used as a measurement in magnet resonance imaging for trochlear dysplasia to make it more objective 1-3, th...
Article
Trochlear depth
Trochlear depth (TD) measures the depth of the trochlear groove in relation to the femoral condyles.
Usage
Trochlear depth is used for the assessment of trochlear dysplasia, a dysplastic deformity of the femoral head, which is a known risk factor for patellofemoral instability 1-6.
A review o...
Article
Conditions involving the nipple-areolar complex
The nipple areolar complex is a major anatomic landmark of the breast. It may be affected by variation in its embryological development, breast maturation and also by other benign and malignant conditions.
Variant anatomy
amazia
polythelia
nipple retraction or inversion
enlarged nipple
Ben...
Article
Febrile seizure
Febrile seizures are a largely idiopathic phenomenon which may occur between 6 and 60 months of age, defined by a seizure occurring concomitantly with a temperature over 38°C (100.4°F). This entity excludes seizures associated with infections of the central nervous system such as bacterial menin...
Article
Naming of organisms
Occasionally, we will refer to lifeforms in an article or case, and we adhere to standard scientific convention when it comes to naming of organisms, as set down by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) 1. As per the standard binomial system, the genus and species of the...
Article
Myocardial mapping
Myocardial mapping or parametric mapping of the heart is one of various magnetic resonance imaging techniques, which has evolved and been increasingly used in the last decade for non-invasive tissue characterization of the myocardium 1-5. Unlike normal T1-, T2- or T2*- images, parametric mapping...
Article
Acetabular index
The acetabular index, also known as the acetabular roof angle or Tönnis angle, is a radiographic measurement of acetabular inclination. It is useful in assessing for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) as well as pincer morphology in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI).
Measurement
The ace...
Article
CT liver volumetry in living donor liver transplantation (approach)
CT liver volumetry in living donor liver transplantation is essential imaging studies in preoperative assessment of potential liver transplant donors.
Liver volumetry is performed for the donor liver to calculate the graft volume and remnant liver volume. Preoperative measurement of liver volum...
Article
Imaging in liver transplantation
Imaging in liver transplantation is aimed to evaluate donor and recipient for successful transplantation and its outcome.
Types of liver transplant are discussed here.
Pre-transplant evaluation
Donor
volume of liver
parenchymal disease (diffuse or focal)
vascular anatomy
arterial variatio...
Article
Coracoclavicular distance
The coracoclavicular (CC) distance is an indicator of the integrity of the coracoclavicular ligament.
Measurement
The coracoclavicular distance is assessed on frontal radiography of the shoulder or clavicle or the coronal projection of a CT or MRI as the distance between the superior cortex of...
Article
Erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction is a common condition. Doppler ultrasound is a highly accurate means of assessing patients with erectile dysfunction.
Pathology
Psychological factors (mental impulse) cause the transmission of parasympathetic impulses to the penis. This causes relaxation of arterioles and...
Article
NEXUS criteria
NEXUS (National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study) is a set of validated criteria used to decide which trauma patients do not require cervical spine imaging.
Trauma patients who do not require cervical spine imaging require all of the following:
alert and stable
no focal neurologic de...
Article
MRI of the knee (an approach)
Knee MRI is one of the more frequent examinations faced in daily radiological practice. This approach is an example of how to create a radiological report of an MRI knee with coverage of the most common anatomical sites of possible pathology.
Systematic review
A systematic review in the MRI of...
Article
Cystography
Cystography is a fluoroscopic study that images the bladder. It is similar to a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), and the difference between the studies is primarily one of emphasis; a cystogram focuses on the bladder and a VCUG focuses on the posterior urethra. The study has been adapted to CT a...
Article
Head ultrasound
Head ultrasound (HUS), also called cranial ultrasound (CUS), is obtained for the diagnosis and follow-up of premature and sick neonates.
Advantages
Head ultrasound has the advantages of:
accessibility
mobility, i.e. bedside scanning at the NICU and neonatal ward
requiring no sedation
enabl...
Article
Radioscaphoid angle
The radioscaphoid angle is a useful measurement in the evaluation of carpal stability.
Measurement
The radioscaphoid angle is the angle between a line tangent to the volar aspect of the scaphoid and a line drawn through the center of the distal radius (2-5 cm proximal to the radiocarpal joint)...
Article
Pleural effusion volume (ultrasound)
Measurement of a pleural effusion volume with point-of-care ultrasonography may be a useful tool for intensivists and is an active area of research in critical care 7.
In controlled settings ultrasound may detect constitutive pleural fluid, can reliably detect effusions >20 mL in clinical setti...
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