Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
337 results found
Article
Apheresis
Apheresis is an extracorporeal procedure in which the main components of blood (red blood cells, plasma, and plasma proteins) are separated and removed from the body. It is used as therapeutic measure for certain conditions.
Radiological implications
It is one of the indications of placement o...
Article
Secondary pulmonary lymphoma
Secondary pulmonary lymphomas refer to pulmonary involvement with lymphoma when the condition is not limited to the lung and has mediastinal lymph node involvement or evidence of extrathoracic dissemination for at least three months after the initial diagnosis. This is a more common form of pulm...
Article
Leukostasis
Leukostasis, also known as symptomatic hyperleukocytosis, is a medical emergency in patients with leukemia, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in the blast phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), characterized by the over-accumulation of leukemic cells within the small vessels. Altho...
Article
Thymic rebound hyperplasia
Thymic rebound hyperplasia is considered a form of true thymic hyperplasia.
Pathology
In periods of bodily stress the thymus may acutely shrink to 40% of its original volume (depending on the severity and duration of the stress). During the recovery phase it can grow back to its original size ...
Article
Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan
Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan, also known by the trade name Zevalin (Acrotech Biopharma LLC, USA), is a theranostic radiopharmaceutical approved for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory low grade or follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). More specifically, it is a radioimmunot...
Article
Concentric target sign (cerebral toxoplasmosis)
The concentric target sign is a typical sign of cerebral toxoplasmosis. It is seen on T2 weighted MR imaging as a deep parenchymal lesion showing a series of concentric rings with hyperintense and hypointense/isointense signals alternatingly. Strong perifocal edema is usually visible on T2/FLAIR...
Article
Nezelof syndrome
Nezelof syndrome is a hereditary primary immunodeficiency state caused by thymic dysplasia, lack of T cell function and normal levels of immunoglobulins.
Epidemiology
Nezelof syndrome is extremely rare.
Clinical presentation
Common clinical features include 4,5
failure to thrive
metaphysea...
Article
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a neoplasm of the lymphoid tissues originating from B cell precursors, mature B cells, T cell precursors, and mature T cells. It includes all types of lymphomas apart from Hodgkin lymphoma.
See the WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors for further informatio...
Article
Autosplenectomy
Autosplenectomy denotes spontaneous infarction of the spleen with resulting hyposplenism.
Epidemiology
Autosplenectomy is most frequently encountered in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease, although it has also been reported in pneumococcal septicemia 1, and systemic lupus erythematos...
Article
Deauville five-point scale
The Deauville five-point scale (Deauville 5PS) is an internationally-recommended scale for routine clinical reporting and clinical trials using FDG PET-CT in the initial staging and assessment of treatment response in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL).
Incl...
Article
Reactive vs malignant lymph nodes (ultrasound features)
A number of sonographic features are helpful in distinguishing reactive versus malignant lymph nodes.
Grey scale features
Features that favor reactive/infective nodes over malignancy include:
nodal matting
surrounding soft tissue edema
Doppler features
Doppler examination is particularly u...
Article
Osteosclerosing myeloma
Osteosclerosing (or osteosclerotic) myeloma is an uncommon form of multiple myeloma. It may manifest as multiple sclerotic lesions or areas of diffuse osteosclerosis 3. It once was considered in the same spectrum of plasma cell dyscrasias with polyneuropathy as POEMS syndrome but is now consider...
Article
Dyscrasia
Dyscrasia (plural: dyscrasias) was used historically in medicine to refer to an imbalance of the four bodily humors 1. It is now used as a synonym for disease, and is only found as part of the terms "blood dyscrasia" or "plasma cell dyscrasia".
Blood dyscrasia refers to any disease of the blood...
Article
Zebra spleen
Zebra spleen, also referred to as psychedelic spleen, tigroid splenic enhancement or more correctly inhomogeneous splenic enhancement, refers to the transient heterogeneous parenchymal enhancement of the spleen during the arterial or early portal venous phases of contrast enhancement in CT, MRI,...
Article
Hypovitaminosis K
Hypovitaminosis K (also known as vitamin K deficiency) is caused by a lack of vitamin K in the body.
Clinical presentation
The main symptoms and signs are related to clotting dyscrasia as vitamin K is vital as a cofactor for the enzymatic activation of several key components of the clotting p...
Article
Unicentric Castleman disease
Unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) is considered the more common form of Castleman disease and involves one or more enlarged lymph nodes in a single region of the body that demonstrates histopathologic features that have features of Castleman disease. A subset of patients can have systemic sympt...
Article
Primary hypercoagulable states
Primary hypercoagulable states are those situations where patients have laboratory (genetic) abnormalities resulting in clinical conditions that are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis (prothrombotic states) or have recurrent thrombosis without recognisable predisposing factors (thro...
Article
Lymph node enlargement
Lymph node enlargement (rarely lymphadenomegaly) is often used synonymously with lymphadenopathy, which is not strictly correct.
Terminology
Lymphadenopathy (or adenopathy) is, if anything, a broader term than lymph node enlargement, referring to any pathology of lymph nodes, not necessarily r...
Article
Splenic ultrasound
Splenic ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize and assess the size, shape, structure, and potential abnormalities of the spleen.
Indication
trauma: splenic injuries resulting from accidents, sports injuries, or any other form of...
Article
Fat-containing splenic lesions
Fat-containing splenic lesions are rare, and the differential diagnosis is limited.
Differential diagnosis
Neoplastic
splenic hamartoma 1
splenic myelolipoma 2
splenic lipoma
splenic liposarcoma 3
splenic angiomyolipoma
Non-neoplastic
Non-mass and pseudo-lesions may also occasionally co...
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