Articles
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742 results found
Article
Seronegative spondyloarthritis
Seronegative spondyloarthritides, also known as spondyloarthropathies (SpA), are a group of musculoskeletal syndromes linked by common clinical features and immunopathologic mechanisms. The subtypes of spondyloarthritis are usually distinguished based on history and clinical findings.
Terminolo...
Article
Neurolymphomatosis
Neurolymphomatosis is a rare cause of neuropathy due to infiltration of the peripheral nervous system by a hematologic malignancy, in the great majority a B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
It should be differentiated from non-tumor neuropathies associated with lymphoma, such as irradiation, chemothe...
Article
Axial spondyloarthritis
Axial spondyloarthrititis (SpA) is a clinical subset of the seronegative spondyloarthritides that present primarily with back pain and morning stiffness. There is a long delay, on average 14 years, between symptoms onset and diagnosis 1.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of axial SpA is ~1% 1. Age o...
Article
Metastatic glioblastoma
Metastatic glioblastoma is a rare progression of glioblastoma, with an incidence of 0.4-0.5% of all glioblastoma cases. The locations can be extraneural, such as leptomeninges and dural venous sinuses, or both extraneural and extracranial, such as solid organs and lymph nodes.
Epidemiology
In ...
Article
Festooned dura (CSF leak)
The festooned appearance of the spinal dural sac has been described in cases of CSF leak resulting in the combination of epidural fluid and craniospinal hypotension/hypovolemia. The theca collapses down upon the cord but is kept attached at multiple points by the epidural ligaments 1.
Article
Conjoined nerve root
Conjoined nerve roots are the most common nerve root developmental anomaly of the cauda equina, being twice as common as two roots in the same foramen, the next most common anomaly.
Epidemiology
The incidence in cadaveric studies is ~10% (range 8-14%) 2, and in one prospective MRI study was 6%...
Article
Osteolytic bone lesion
Osteolytic lesions, lytic or lucent bone lesions are descriptive terms for lesions that replace normal bone or with a vast proportion showing a lower density or attenuation than the normal cancellous bone. This comprises lesions with fatty liquid and solid soft tissue components.
Pathology
Luc...
Article
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL)
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is a systemic genetic disorder affecting the cerebral small vessels, spine and hair follicles.
CARASIL is an HTRA1-related cerebral small vessel disease, and thus is closely related to, but dis...
Article
Spinal epidural hematoma
Spinal epidural hematomas are rare and can result in severe morbidity if treatment is delayed and they are thus typically considered a surgical emergency.
Clinical presentation
The patient's symptoms and signs will depend on the location of the hematoma, and the degree of spinal cord/cauda eq...
Article
Chalk stick fracture
Chalk stick, also known as carrot stick fractures, are fractures of the fused spine, classically seen in ankylosing spondylitis.
Terminology
Some authors define the chalk stick fracture as a fracture through a Pagetoid long bone (see Paget disease) 3.
Pathology
They usually occur through the...
Article
Disc herniation
Disc herniation refers to the displacement of intervertebral disc material beyond the normal confines of the disc but involving less than 25% of the circumference (to distinguish it from a disc bulge). A herniation may contain nucleus pulposus, vertebral endplate cartilage, apophyseal bone/osteo...
Article
Fluorosis
Skeletal fluorosis is a chronic metabolic bone disease caused by the ingestion of large amounts of fluoride.
Clinical presentation
While often asymptomatic, non-specific signs and symptoms may be present, including 8:
bone and joint pains
kyphosis
radiculomyelopathy
dental fluorosis, with ...
Article
Ganglioneuroblastoma
A ganglioneuroblastoma is a transitional tumor of the sympathetic nervous system which lies on the intermediate spectrum of disease between a well-differentiated, low-grade, ganglioneuroma and an undifferentiated, high-grade, neuroblastoma 6.
Epidemiology
They are seen more commonly in childre...
Article
Chiari II malformation
Chiari II malformations are relatively common congenital malformations of the spine and posterior fossa characterized by myelomeningocele (lumbosacral spina bifida aperta) and a small posterior fossa with descent of the brainstem, cerebellar tonsils, and vermis through the foramen magnum. Numero...
Article
Neurogenic bladder
Neurogenic bladder is a term applied to a dysfunctional urinary bladder that results from any lack of coordination between the central nervous system and the somatic nervous system 1, including injuries to the central or peripheral nerves that control and regulate urination. Injury to the brain,...
Article
In situ spinal fusion
In situ spinal fusion is, as the name suggests, where fusion is performed without a change in alignment. It is a technique used to treat:
isthmic spondylolisthesis 1
osteogenesis imperfecta 2
Article
Lumbar puncture
Lumbar punctures (LP) are a commonly performed hospital procedure in which a needle is inserted through the back to the subarachnoid space in the spinal canal, often to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or inject a therapeutic agent. The procedure can be performed blind via landmarks or under im...
Article
Vertebra
The vertebra (plural: vertebrae) is the fundamental segmental unit of the vertebral column (also known as the spine).
Gross anatomy
Vertebrae, apart from those that are atypical, have a similar basic structure which can be described as an anterior vertebral body and a posterior neural (or vert...
Article
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), refers to a heterogeneous group of inherited peripheral neuropathies rather than a single clinical entity 9.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of CMT in one Norwegian study was 82.3 cases per 100,000 peo...
Article
Pine cone bladder
A pine cone bladder or Christmas tree bladder is a cystographic appearance in which the bladder is elongated and pointed with a thickened, trabeculated wall. It is typically seen in severe neurogenic bladder with increased sphincter tone (detrusor sphincter dyssynergia) due to suprasacral lesion...
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