Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
535 results found
Article
McGrigor-Campbell lines
McGrigor-Campbell lines are imaginary lines traced across the face on an occipitomental (Waters) view skull radiograph to assess for fractures of the middle third (especially) of the face 3:
first line is traced from one zygomaticofrontal suture to another, across the superior edge of the orbit...
Article
Breast mass
Breast masses are three-dimensional space-occupying lesions in the breasts. This article provides an overview of the standard BI-RADS terminology used to describe breast masses in radiology reports and other reporting suggestions.
Radiographic features
Breast masses are described differently b...
Article
11-13 week antenatal scan
11-13 week antenatal (nuchal translucency) scan is considered a routine investigation advised for fetal well-being as well as for early screening in pregnancy (see antenatal screening).
It includes multiple components and is highly dependent on the operator. Traditionally three factors are used...
Article
Chest x-ray: lines and tubes (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray lines and tubes can be easily assessed and should be the first thing that you look at when reviewing a chest x-ray. Assessment of their position is important, but they also give you an idea about how sick the pa...
Article
Joint effusion
A joint effusion is defined as an increased amount of fluid within the synovial compartment of a joint.
There is normally only a small amount of physiological intra-articular fluid. Abnormal fluid accumulation can result from inflammation, infection (i.e. pus) or trauma and might be exudate, tr...
Article
Peritoneal thickening
Peritoneal thickening is a descriptive term given to describe any form of thickening of the peritoneum.
It can occur with both benign and malignant peritoneal disease. It can be classified into various subtypes based on its morphology:
smooth peritoneal thickening
peritonitis
peritoneal car...
Article
Describing a fracture (an approach)
Describing a fracture is a basic requirement when making an assessment of a plain radiograph. There are many ways to approach the assessment of the radiograph; this is just one approach.
1. Projections and clinical history
What radiograph (or radiographs) are you looking at? Check the who, wha...
Article
Chest x-ray review: ABCDE
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E is a helpful and systematic method for chest x-ray review:
A: airways
B: breathing (the lungs and pleural spaces)
C: circulation (cardiomediastinal contour)
...
Article
Lobectomy (lung)
A lobectomy (plural: lobectomies) is the complete resection of one lobe of the lung and is the commonest lung surgery performed for bronchogenic carcinoma.
Technique
A posterolateral thoracotomy is the commonest approach for the resection of lung malignancies. For other surgical approaches for...
Article
Medial temporal lobe atrophy score
The medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) score, also known as Scheltens' scale, is useful in distinguishing patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease from those without impairment 2 is helpful in the assessment of patients with possible dementia (see neurodegenerative MRI brain...
Article
Coronary Artery Disease - Reporting and Data System
The Coronary Artery Disease - Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) is a standardized method for reporting and communicating coronary CT angiography findings and serves as a clinical decision support tool to guide subsequent patient management.
History and etymology
The system was created by a ...
Article
Glioblastoma vs cerebral metastasis
Differentiating a glioblastoma (GBM) from a cerebral metastasis is a frequent challenge, with profound surgical, workup and treatment implications. Unfortunately distinguishing between the two entities is not always straightforward and even experienced neuroradiologists will sometimes struggle. ...
Article
CT cisternography
Computed tomography (CT) cisternography is a minimally-invasive imaging technique used to visualize the intracranial CSF cisterns using iodinated contrast medium injected into the subarachnoid space.
Indications
detect and localize active CSF leaks through the skull base (CSF rhinorrhea or CSF...
Article
Posterior tibial slope
Posterior tibial slope (PTS) is the slope of the tibial plateau from anterior to posterior relative to the longitudinal axis of the tibia.
Usage
Posterior tibial slope can affect knee range of motion, flexion gap, knee joint stability, ACL ligament stability and posterior femoral rollback 1,2....
Article
Lipoma vs well-differentiated liposarcoma
There a number of features that can help distinguish between lipoma and well-differentiated liposarcoma. This article relates to superficial well-differentiated liposarcomas that typically occur in the extremities, also known as atypical lipomatous tumors, and not retroperitoneal liposarcoma.
E...
Article
Liver lesions (pediatric)
Pediatric liver lesions are a heterogeneous group that includes infiltrative lesions and those that demonstrate mass-effect. Moreover, they may be solitary or multiple, benign or malignant:
benign liver tumors
malignant liver tumors
Epidemiology
There are differing frequencies of both benign...
Article
Tibial tuberosity to posterior cruciate ligament distance (TT-PCL distance)
The tibial tuberosity to posterior cruciate ligament (TT-PCL) distance is an alternative measure to the TT-TG distance for determining tibial tuberosity lateralization, which has a role in patellofemoral instability, without the effect of femoral rotation 1.
Usage
TT-PCL and TT-TG have simila...
Article
Aortofemoral bypass
Aortofemoral bypass surgery is a type of vascular surgery that is performed to treat aortoiliac occlusive diseases, commonly known as Leriche syndrome, by inserting an artificial tube (graft) from the end of the body's main artery (aorta) to the artery that supply blood to the legs (femoral arte...
Article
Viva preparation
Viva preparation is key to successful completion of professional exams. It is really important to think about the types of cases that you will be shown in the viva and prepare orally for them.
So, rather than learning sitting with your books, get a set of films or use the Radiopaedia quiz mode ...
Article
Localization of parotid lesions
Localization of parotid lesions to the superficial and/or deep parotid gland is an essential aspect of imaging and vital information which needs to be conveyed to the surgeon.
Measurement
The following lines are proposed for differentiating superficial from deep lobe:
Conn's arc (CA): drawn w...
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