Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,950 results found
Article
Mandibular fracture
Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs. This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making s...
Article
Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous
Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), also known as the persistent fetal vasculature, refers to a rare congenital developmental malformation of the eye.
Clinical presentation
Clinically, this condition usually manifests as unilateral or bilateral leucocoria. Patients may also have p...
Article
Kayser-Fleischer rings
Kayser-Fleischer rings, sometimes shortened to K-F rings, are caused by copper deposition in the cornea and are a specific, clinical sign of Wilson disease.
Clinical presentation
They are usually brown or dark reddish in color. Early on they may need a slit lamp to be visible before they becom...
Article
Flail mandible
A flail mandible is an uncommon type of comminuted fracture through the mandibular symphysis and bilateral condyle and/or rami which can result in posterior displacement and internal rotation of the mandibular bodies, eversion of the angles of the mandible, and glossoptosis. Together with concom...
Article
Skull sutures
There are many skull sutures, which is the name given to the fibrous joints formed where the bones of the skull meet. In general, sutures do not fuse until brain growth is complete, therefore allowing the skull to increase in size with the developing brain.
Gross anatomy
Skull sutures are fibr...
Article
Optic nerve
The optic nerve is the second (CN II) cranial nerve (TA: nervus opticus or nervus cranialis II). It is a purely sensory nerve that conveys visual information from the eye to the brain.
The nerve arises from the back of the globe exiting the orbit via the optic canal. It joins the contralateral...
Article
Sialocele
Sialoceles are cystic spaces (usually saliva containing) arising within a salivary gland.
Pathology
They tend to be post-traumatic or iatrogenic in nature. The proposed mechanisms include laceration of the salivary gland duct or ductal stenosis with subsequent dilatation.
Clinical presentatio...
Article
Sequential CT image acquisition
Sequential CT scanning, also referred to as "scan-move-scan" or "step and shoot", was the conventional method of image acquisition in computed tomography before the advent of helical CT.
Terminology
In sequential scanning, the patient is moved forward along the longitudinal axis of the CT sca...
Article
Cutis verticis gyrata
Cutis verticis gyrata is a rare progressive dermatological condition characterized by excessive skin folds in the scalp, resembling the surface of the cerebral cortex.
Epidemiology
It occurs more commonly in males, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 5:1 1.
Clinical presentation
Pat...
Article
Adrenal vein sampling
Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is a procedure where blood is collected from the adrenal veins via catheter to confirm autonomous hormone production, if it is unilateral or bilateral, and to guide further treatment 1. If unilateral, the adrenal gland can be removed by surgery; thus curing secondary ...
Article
Styloid (disambiguation)
Styloid is an anatomic term that refers to a thin, slender and pointed bony structure resembling a stylus or pen. Apart from the classic styloid process of the temporal bone, elsewhere the bony process is often just pointed and not very slender or long at all.
Styloid processes are described in...
Article
Crystalline lens
The crystalline lens (or simply, the lens, plural: lenses) is in the ocular globe between the posterior chamber and the vitreous body. It is transparent and biconvex in morphology, and aids the focussing of light onto the retina.
Gross anatomy
Location
The lens lies in the globe at the poste...
Article
Temporomandibular joint disc
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc (or meniscus) is made of fibrocartilage and divides the temporomandibular joint into two compartments.
Gross anatomy
The disc is composed of fibrocartilage, with crimped collagen, thought to better absorb impact. It has a biconcave shape with a thicker p...
Article
Stuck temporomandibular joint disc
A stuck disc, also called anchored disc phenomenon, refers to a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc which does not translate anteriorly out of the mandibular fossa onto the articular eminence but rather remains (thus "stuck") in the fossa. It is a form of TMJ dysfunction.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
Ectopia lentis
Ectopia lentis refers to subluxation or dislocation of the lens of the eye secondary to dysfunction or disruption of zonular fibers. It is most commonly due to trauma. The commonest atraumatic etiologies are Marfan syndrome and homocystinuria.
Pathology
Etiology
trauma
systemic and syndromic...
Article
PET-CT indications
PET-CT is a combination of cross-sectional anatomic information provided by CT and the metabolic information provided by positron emission tomography (PET).
PET is most commonly performed with 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG). Fluorine-18 (F-18) is an unstable radioisotope and has a half-...
Article
Mandibular lesions
Mandibular lesions are myriad and common. The presence of teeth results in lesions that are specific to the mandible (and maxilla) and a useful classification that defines them as odontogenic or non-odontogenic. While it may often not be possible to make a diagnosis on imaging alone, this classi...
Article
Cirsoid aneurysm
Cirsoid aneurysms are rare arteriovenous malformations of the scalp and extremities.
Clinical presentation
Patients often present with a slow-growing pulsatile mass and may also experience bleeding, tinnitus and/or a headache 3.
Pathology
Cirsoid aneurysms develop due to an abnormal arteri...
Article
Dysphagia
Dysphagia refers to subjective awareness of difficulty or obstruction during swallowing. It is a relatively common and increasingly prevalent clinical problem. Odynophagia is the term for painful swallowing.
Fluoroscopy is the mainstay of imaging assessment but manometry can help evaluate the e...
Article
Jugular paraganglioma
Jugular paraganglioma (previously known as glomus jugulare) is a paraganglioma of the head and neck that is confined to the jugular fossa. While it is a rare tumor, it is the most common of the jugular fossa tumors.
Terminology
The term "glomus" was historically used to describe certain types ...
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