Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
337 results found
Article
Acute promyelocytic leukemia
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) is a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia.
Pathology
Genetics
It is defined by a balanced translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17 resulting in fusion of the promyelocytic leukemia gene (PML) on chromosome 15 with the retinoic acid receptor alpha g...
Article
Extranodal extension
Extranodal extension refers to the growth of a nodal cancer metastasis beyond the confines of the capsule of a lymph node into adjacent tissues. Less preferred synonyms include extranodal spread, extracapsular extension, or extracapsular spread.
This finding holds prognostic implications. For e...
Article
Periprocedural anticoagulation
Periprocedural anticoagulation planning is essential when planning an interventional procedure so that the best balance between the risk of bleeding and thrombosis can be achieved.
The following must be considered in assessment of periprocedural anticoagulation:
bleeding risks associated with ...
Article
Splenic histoplasmosis
Splenic histoplasmosis can manifest with splenomegaly and splenic hypoattenuation. It is more common in immunosuppressed patients (e.g. HIV/AIDS), particularly in endemic areas (e.g. central USA) 1,2. Healed splenic histoplasmosis is one of the causes of diffuse splenic calcifications 2.
See a...
Article
Richter transformation
Richter transformation is defined as the development of high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL).
It has been expanded to include other lymphoid malignancies that develop in CLL patients, including Hodgkin dise...
Article
Protein S deficiency
Protein S deficiency is a hypercoagulable state associated with increased risk of venous thrombosis (up to 5% of patients with deep venous thrombosis may carry this deficiency).
Epidemiology
Protein S deficiency may be expected in ≈1 of every 500 people 3.
Clinical presentation
The spectrum ...
Article
Reed-Sternberg cells
Reed-Sternberg cells are a classical finding diagnostic of Hodgkin lymphoma. They are giant, multinucleated cells with abundant pale cytoplasm. Reed-Sternberg cells are rare, making up <1% of lymphoid tissue, with the background consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and macrophages.
Article
Fetal anemia
Fetal anemia is a characterized by inadequate erythrocytes being delivered to the fetus and can result from many causes.
Pathology
Etiology
hemolytic disease of the newborn
fetomaternal ABO incompatibility
fetomaternal rhesus (Rh) incompatibility
fetal infections
fetal parvovirus B19 infe...
Article
Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis refers to zoonoses caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania. There are three main forms of leishmaniasis:
visceral (also known as kala-azar or dum-dum fever)
cutaneous
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Epidemiology
Leishmaniasis is a truly global disease with a higher burden in t...
Article
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the most common plasma cell disorder and refers to the presence of an abnormal monoclonal antibody in the blood but the absence of the overt bone marrow and clinical signs of multiple myeloma.
Epidemiology
MGUS is the most common pla...
Article
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a hereditary cancer syndrome due to mutations in the tumor suppressor gene TP53. Approximately half of affected individuals are thought to develop invasive cancer by 30 years of age 1.
Associated malignancies
sarcomas
osteosarcoma
rhabdomyosarcoma
CNS tumors
gliomas...
Article
Lymphopenia
Lymphopenia (also known as lymphocytopenia, hypolymphemia and sublymphemia) is a deficiency of circulating lymphocytes 1. It may be either primary or secondary.
Terminology
The spelling lymphopaenia is erroneous and should never be used.
Pathology
Etiology
Primary
primary immunodeficienci...
Article
Lugano classification (PET-CT treatment response)
The Lugano classification is a lymphoma staging system for non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma. This article outlines the classification's response to treatment based on PET-CT.
Also included in the classification are staging and response to treatment based on CT.
Scoring system
The Lugano clas...
Article
Haemophilic arthropathy
Haemophilic arthropathy refers to permanent joint disease occurring in hemophilia sufferers as a long-term consequence of repeated hemarthrosis.
Epidemiology
Around 50% of patients with hemophilia will develop severe arthropathy.
Clinical presentation
Presents similarly to osteoarthritis, w...
Article
Autoimmune encephalitis
Autoimmune encephalitis, also known as autoimmune limbic encephalitis, is an antibody-mediated brain inflammatory process, typically involving the limbic system, although any part of the brain, and central nervous system more broadly, can be involved.
Autoimmune encephalitis can be divided broa...
Article
BALT lymphoma
BALT lymphoma is an abbreviated term for bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. These neoplasms fall under the broader umbrella of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas. It is sometimes considered a type of primary pulmonary lymphoma.
Clinical presentation
Up to half of pat...
Article
Ophelia syndrome
Ophelia syndrome is the association of Hodgkin lymphoma with an autoimmune limbic encephalitis, as a result of anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antibodies (mGluR5) 1. In addition to anti-mGluR5, many other antibodies are associated with or implicated in autoimmune encephalitis in the setti...
Article
Leukemic infiltration of liver
Leukemic infiltration of the liver can occur with several forms of leukemia inclusive of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
Radiographic features
CT
Described features are non-specific but include:
hepatomegaly
periportal low att...
Article
Bland thrombus
Bland thrombus is a term used to describe any non-malignant venous thrombus (e.g. a "normal" DVT). However the term is most often used in the context of malignancy, to differentiate non-malignant clot from the malignant form, as management of the two may differ; of course they often coexist.
Pa...
Article
Common variable immunodeficiency (hepatic manifestations)
Hepatic manifestations of common variable immunodeficiency are not uncommon and can be primarily related to nodular regenerative hyperplasia.
For a general discussion of the underlying condition, please refer to the article on common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).
Epidemiology
General liv...
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